diff --git a/main.pdf b/main.pdf index 0e04ec0..829c43f 100644 Binary files a/main.pdf and b/main.pdf differ diff --git a/main.tex b/main.tex index 5394166..eafc4a2 100644 --- a/main.tex +++ b/main.tex @@ -918,6 +918,117 @@ Se (gray) & 221 & 685 & Hexagonal & Photocells, glass \\ \section{Ores and alloys} +\subsection{Ores} + +\begin{longtable}{p{3cm}p{6cm}p{3.5cm}} +\toprule +English Name & Properties & Formula \\ +\midrule +\endfirsthead +\toprule +English Name & Properties & Formula \\ +\midrule +\endhead +Hematite & Red-brown iron ore, most important iron ore & \ce{Fe2O3} \\ +Magnetite & Black magnetic iron ore, high iron content & \ce{Fe3O4} \\ +Limonite & Yellow-brown hydrated iron oxide & \ce{2Fe2O3.3H2O} \\ +Siderite & Iron carbonate, light colored & \ce{FeCO3} \\ +Pyrite & Brass-yellow, fool's gold, used for sulfuric acid & \ce{FeS2} \\ +Chalcopyrite & Brass-yellow copper ore, most abundant copper ore & \ce{CuFeS2} \\ +Chalcocite & Dark gray copper sulfide & \ce{Cu2S} \\ +Malachite & Green basic copper carbonate & \ce{Cu2CO3(OH)2} \\ +Azurite & Blue basic copper carbonate & \ce{Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2} \\ +Cuprite & Red copper oxide & \ce{Cu2O} \\ +Bauxite & Reddish aluminum ore, clay-like & \ce{Al2O3.nH2O} \\ +Cryolite & White, used as flux in aluminum production & \ce{Na3AlF6} \\ +Corundum & Very hard aluminum oxide, includes ruby/sapphire & \ce{Al2O3} \\ +Galena & Lead-gray, cubic crystals, main lead ore & \ce{PbS} \\ +Cerussite & White lead carbonate & \ce{PbCO3} \\ +Anglesite & White lead sulfate & \ce{PbSO4} \\ +Sphalerite (Zinc blende) & Yellow-brown to black, main zinc ore & \ce{ZnS} \\ +Smithsonite & White zinc carbonate & \ce{ZnCO3} \\ +Zincite & Red-orange zinc oxide & \ce{ZnO} \\ +Cassiterite & Brown-black tin oxide, main tin ore & \ce{SnO2} \\ +Cinnabar & Bright red mercury sulfide, main mercury ore & \ce{HgS} \\ +Argentite & Dark gray silver sulfide & \ce{Ag2S} \\ +Calamine & Zinc silicate ore & \ce{Zn4Si2O7(OH)2.H2O} \\ +Chromite & Black chromium iron oxide, main chromium ore & \ce{FeCr2O4} \\ +Pyrolusite & Black manganese dioxide ore & \ce{MnO2} \\ +Rhodochrosite & Pink manganese carbonate & \ce{MnCO3} \\ +Rutile & Red-brown titanium dioxide & \ce{TiO2} \\ +Ilmenite & Black iron titanium oxide & \ce{FeTiO3} \\ +Barite & White barium sulfate, heavy & \ce{BaSO4} \\ +Witherite & White barium carbonate & \ce{BaCO3} \\ +Scheelite & White tungsten calcium ore & \ce{CaWO4} \\ +Wolframite & Black iron manganese tungsten ore & \ce{(Fe,Mn)WO4} \\ +Molybdenite & Gray, soft molybdenum sulfide & \ce{MoS2} \\ +Carnallite & White-red potassium magnesium salt & \ce{KCl.MgCl2.6H2O} \\ +Sylvite & White-red potassium chloride & \ce{KCl} \\ +Halite (Rock salt) & Transparent-white sodium chloride & \ce{NaCl} \\ +Fluorite (Fluorspar) & Colorful calcium fluoride & \ce{CaF2} \\ +Limestone & White-gray calcium carbonate sedimentary rock & \ce{CaCO3} \\ +Dolomite & White-pink calcium magnesium carbonate & \ce{CaMg(CO3)2} \\ +Gypsum & White calcium sulfate dihydrate & \ce{CaSO4.2H2O} \\ +Anhydrite & White calcium sulfate & \ce{CaSO4} \\ +Apatite & Green-blue calcium phosphate & \ce{Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH)} \\ +Phosphorite & Gray-brown calcium phosphate rock & \ce{Ca3(PO4)2} \\ +\bottomrule +\end{longtable} + +\subsection{Alloys} + +\begin{longtable}{p{2.5cm}p{3.5cm}p{4.5cm}p{3cm}} +\toprule +English Name & Elements & Properties & Application \\ +\midrule +\endfirsthead +\toprule +English Name & Elements & Properties & Application \\ +\midrule +\endhead +Steel & Fe, C (< 2\%) & Strong, hard, malleable & Construction, tools \\ +Stainless steel & Fe, Cr (10-20\%), Ni & Corrosion-resistant, strong & Cutlery, medical \\ +Cast iron & Fe, C (2-4\%) & Brittle, hard, good casting & Engine blocks, pipes \\ +Brass & Cu (55-95\%), Zn & Golden, corrosion-resistant & Musical instruments, fittings \\ +Bronze & Cu (88\%), Sn (12\%) & Hard, corrosion-resistant & Sculptures, bearings \\ +Aluminum bronze & Cu, Al (5-11\%) & Strong, corrosion-resistant & Marine hardware, coins \\ +Cupronickel & Cu (75\%), Ni (25\%) & Silver-colored, corrosion-resistant & Coins, marine uses \\ +German silver & Cu, Ni, Zn & Silver-white, no silver & Cutlery, jewelry base \\ +Phosphor bronze & Cu, Sn, P & Elastic, wear-resistant & Springs, electrical \\ +Gunmetal & Cu, Sn (10\%), Zn (2\%) & Corrosion-resistant, tough & Gears, bearings \\ +Duralumin & Al (94\%), Cu (4\%), Mg & Light, strong, age-hardenable & Aircraft, aerospace \\ +Magnalium & Al (70-95\%), Mg & Very light, strong & Aircraft parts \\ +Alnico & Al, Ni, Co, Fe & Strong magnetic & Permanent magnets \\ +Solder & Sn (60\%), Pb (40\%) & Low melting point & Electrical joints \\ +Lead-free solder & Sn, Cu, Ag & Low melting, no lead toxicity & Electronics \\ +Pewter & Sn (85-99\%), Sb, Cu & Soft, silvery, malleable & Decorative items \\ +Babbitt metal & Sn, Sb, Cu & Low friction, soft & Bearing surfaces \\ +Type metal & Pb, Sn, Sb & Expands on cooling & Printing type \\ +Wood's metal & Bi, Pb, Sn, Cd & Very low melting (70°C) & Fire sprinklers, fuses \\ +Rose's metal & Bi, Pb, Sn & Low melting (98°C) & Fusible alloys \\ +Nichrome & Ni (80\%), Cr (20\%) & High electrical resistance, heat-resistant & Heating elements \\ +Monel metal & Ni (67\%), Cu (30\%) & Corrosion-resistant, strong & Marine, chemical \\ +Invar & Fe (64\%), Ni (36\%) & Very low thermal expansion & Precision instruments \\ +Permalloy & Fe (20\%), Ni (80\%) & High magnetic permeability & Transformers, sensors \\ +Constantan & Cu (55\%), Ni (45\%) & Constant electrical resistance & Thermocouples \\ +Manganin & Cu (86\%), Mn (12\%), Ni & Stable resistance vs. temperature & Precision resistors \\ +Stellite & Co, Cr, W, C & Very hard, wear-resistant & Cutting tools \\ +Hastelloy & Ni, Mo, Cr, Fe & Excellent corrosion resistance & Chemical equipment \\ +Titanium alloy & Ti (90\%), Al (6\%), V (4\%) & High strength-to-weight ratio & Aerospace, implants \\ +Amalgam & Hg, Ag, Sn, Cu & Soft, hardens over time & Dental fillings \\ +Elektron & Mg (90\%), Al, Zn & Extremely light & Aircraft parts \\ +Beryllium copper & Cu (98\%), Be (2\%) & Non-sparking, elastic & Explosion-proof tools \\ +White gold & Au, Ni/Pd, Zn & White-silver appearance & Jewelry \\ +Rose gold & Au (75\%), Cu (22.5\%), Ag & Pink-red color & Jewelry \\ +Sterling silver & Ag (92.5\%), Cu (7.5\%) & Harder than pure silver & Jewelry, tableware \\ +Britannia silver & Ag (95.8\%), Cu & Softer, higher silver content & High-end silverware \\ +Nitinol & Ni (55\%), Ti (45\%) & Shape memory effect & Medical devices, actuators \\ +Zamak & Zn, Al, Mg, Cu & Good castability, moderate strength & Die castings \\ +Babbitt & Sn, Sb, Cu (or Pb base) & Low friction, good embeddability & Bearings \\ +Bell metal & Cu (78\%), Sn (22\%) & Resonant, hard & Bells, cymbals \\ +\bottomrule +\end{longtable} + \section{Reactions} \section{Hydrocarbons and their Halogen derivatives}