diff --git a/main.pdf b/main.pdf index b03b27b..75a9fbb 100644 Binary files a/main.pdf and b/main.pdf differ diff --git a/main.tex b/main.tex index 1a938f0..656b560 100644 --- a/main.tex +++ b/main.tex @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ \subsection{Alkali metals} -\textbf{Elements:} +\subsubsection{Elements} \begin{table}[H] \centering @@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} -\textbf{Elementary Substances:} +\subsubsection{Elementary Substances} \begin{table}[H] \centering @@ -71,15 +71,15 @@ Fr & 27 & 677 & --- & Radioactive, no use \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} -\textbf{Preparation Methods:} +\subsubsection{Preparation Methods} -\textit{Sodium (Na):} Electrolysis of molten NaCl: \ce{2NaCl ->[electrolysis] 2Na + Cl2 ^} +\textbf{Sodium (Na):} Electrolysis of molten NaCl: \ce{2NaCl ->[electrolysis] 2Na + Cl2 ^} -\textit{Potassium (K):} Reduction of KCl with Na at high temperature: \ce{KCl + Na ->[high T] K ^ + NaCl} +\textbf{Potassium (K):} Reduction of KCl with Na at high temperature: \ce{KCl + Na ->[high T] K ^ + NaCl} \subsection{Alkaline earth metals} -\textbf{Elements:} +\subsubsection{Elements} \begin{table}[H] \centering @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} -\textbf{Elementary Substances:} +\subsubsection{Elementary Substances} \begin{table}[H] \centering @@ -116,17 +116,17 @@ Ra & 700 & 1737 & BCC & Radioactive, obsolete \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} -\textbf{Preparation Methods:} +\subsubsection{Preparation Methods} -\textit{Magnesium (Mg):} Electrolysis of molten MgCl$_2$: \ce{MgCl2 ->[electrolysis] Mg + Cl2 ^} +\textbf{Magnesium (Mg):} Electrolysis of molten MgCl$_2$: \ce{MgCl2 ->[electrolysis] Mg + Cl2 ^} Alternatively, reduction of MgO with coke: \ce{MgO + C ->[high T] Mg ^ + CO ^} -\textit{Calcium (Ca):} Electrolysis of molten CaCl$_2$ or reduction of CaO with Al +\textbf{Calcium (Ca):} Electrolysis of molten CaCl$_2$ or reduction of CaO with Al \subsection{Transition metals} -\textbf{Elements (First Row):} +\subsubsection{Elements (First Row)} \begin{table}[H] \centering @@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} -\textbf{Important Elements (Other Rows):} +\subsubsection{Important Elements (Other Rows)} \begin{table}[H] \centering @@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} -\textbf{Elementary Substances:} +\subsubsection{Elementary Substances} \begin{longtable}{p{1.3cm}p{1.6cm}p{1.6cm}p{2.2cm}p{4.5cm}} \toprule @@ -196,21 +196,21 @@ Hg & -38.8 & 356.7 & Rhombohedral & Thermometers, lamps \\ \bottomrule \end{longtable} -\textbf{Preparation Methods:} +\subsubsection{Preparation Methods} -\textit{Iron (Fe):} Reduction in blast furnace: \ce{Fe2O3 + 3CO ->[high T] 2Fe + 3CO2} +\textbf{Iron (Fe):} Reduction in blast furnace: \ce{Fe2O3 + 3CO ->[high T] 2Fe + 3CO2} -\textit{Copper (Cu):} Roasting sulfide ore then reduction: \ce{2Cu2S + 3O2 -> 2Cu2O + 2SO2}, then \ce{Cu2S + 2Cu2O -> 6Cu + SO2 ^} +\textbf{Copper (Cu):} Roasting sulfide ore then reduction: \ce{2Cu2S + 3O2 -> 2Cu2O + 2SO2}, then \ce{Cu2S + 2Cu2O -> 6Cu + SO2 ^} Alternatively, leaching and electrowinning from oxide ores. -\textit{Zinc (Zn):} Roasting then reduction with carbon: \ce{2ZnS + 3O2 -> 2ZnO + 2SO2}, then \ce{ZnO + C -> Zn + CO} +\textbf{Zinc (Zn):} Roasting then reduction with carbon: \ce{2ZnS + 3O2 -> 2ZnO + 2SO2}, then \ce{ZnO + C -> Zn + CO} -\textit{Chromium (Cr):} Reduction of Cr$_2$O$_3$ with aluminum (thermite process): \ce{Cr2O3 + 2Al -> 2Cr + Al2O3} +\textbf{Chromium (Cr):} Reduction of Cr$_2$O$_3$ with aluminum (thermite process): \ce{Cr2O3 + 2Al -> 2Cr + Al2O3} \subsection{Post-transition metals} -\textbf{Elements:} +\subsubsection{Elements} \begin{table}[H] \centering @@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} -\textbf{Elementary Substances:} +\subsubsection{Elementary Substances} \begin{table}[H] \centering @@ -249,19 +249,19 @@ Bi & 271.4 & 1564 & Rhombohedral & Alloys, cosmetics \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} -\textbf{Preparation Methods:} +\subsubsection{Preparation Methods} -\textit{Aluminum (Al):} Hall-H\'eroult process (electrolysis of Al$_2$O$_3$ dissolved in molten cryolite): +\textbf{Aluminum (Al):} Hall-H\'eroult process (electrolysis of Al$_2$O$_3$ dissolved in molten cryolite): \ce{2Al2O3 ->[electrolysis] 4Al + 3O2 ^} -\textit{Lead (Pb):} Roasting galena (PbS) then reduction: \ce{2PbS + 3O2 -> 2PbO + 2SO2}, then \ce{PbO + C -> Pb + CO} +\textbf{Lead (Pb):} Roasting galena (PbS) then reduction: \ce{2PbS + 3O2 -> 2PbO + 2SO2}, then \ce{PbO + C -> Pb + CO} -\textit{Tin (Sn):} Reduction of cassiterite (SnO$_2$) with carbon: \ce{SnO2 + 2C -> Sn + 2CO ^} +\textbf{Tin (Sn):} Reduction of cassiterite (SnO$_2$) with carbon: \ce{SnO2 + 2C -> Sn + 2CO ^} \subsection{Metalloids} -\textbf{Elements:} +\subsubsection{Elements} \begin{table}[H] \centering @@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} -\textbf{Elementary Substances:} +\subsubsection{Elementary Substances} \begin{table}[H] \centering @@ -300,15 +300,15 @@ Po & 254 & 962 & Cubic & Radioactive, no common use \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} -\textbf{Preparation Methods:} +\subsubsection{Preparation Methods} -\textit{Silicon (Si):} Reduction of silica (SiO$_2$) with carbon in electric furnace: \ce{SiO2 + 2C ->[high T] Si + 2CO ^} +\textbf{Silicon (Si):} Reduction of silica (SiO$_2$) with carbon in electric furnace: \ce{SiO2 + 2C ->[high T] Si + 2CO ^} For ultrapure silicon (semiconductors): Trichlorosilane reduction: \ce{SiHCl3 + H2 ->[high T] Si + 3HCl} \subsection{Halogen} -\textbf{Elements:} +\subsubsection{Elements} \begin{table}[H] \centering @@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} -\textbf{Elementary Substances:} +\subsubsection{Elementary Substances} \begin{table}[H] \centering @@ -343,23 +343,23 @@ At$_2$ & 302 & 337 & Solid (radioactive) & No practical use \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} -\textbf{Preparation Methods:} +\subsubsection{Preparation Methods} -\textit{Chlorine (Cl$_2$):} Electrolysis of brine (chlor-alkali process): \ce{2NaCl + 2H2O ->[electrolysis] Cl2 ^ + H2 ^ + 2NaOH} +\textbf{Chlorine (Cl$_2$):} Electrolysis of brine (chlor-alkali process): \ce{2NaCl + 2H2O ->[electrolysis] Cl2 ^ + H2 ^ + 2NaOH} Laboratory: Oxidation of HCl: \ce{MnO2 + 4HCl ->[heat] MnCl2 + Cl2 ^ + 2H2O} -\textit{Bromine (Br$_2$):} Oxidation of bromide in seawater: \ce{2Br- + Cl2 -> Br2 + 2Cl-} +\textbf{Bromine (Br$_2$):} Oxidation of bromide in seawater: \ce{2Br- + Cl2 -> Br2 + 2Cl-} -\textit{Iodine (I$_2$):} Oxidation of iodide from brine or seaweed: \ce{2I- + Cl2 -> I2 + 2Cl-} +\textbf{Iodine (I$_2$):} Oxidation of iodide from brine or seaweed: \ce{2I- + Cl2 -> I2 + 2Cl-} Or from Chile saltpeter: \ce{2NaIO3 + 5NaHSO3 -> I2 + 3NaHSO4 + 2Na2SO4 + H2O} -\textit{Fluorine (F$_2$):} Electrolysis of KF in anhydrous HF: \ce{2HF ->[electrolysis] H2 + F2 ^} +\textbf{Fluorine (F$_2$):} Electrolysis of KF in anhydrous HF: \ce{2HF ->[electrolysis] H2 + F2 ^} \subsection{Noble gases} -\textbf{Elements:} +\subsubsection{Elements} \begin{table}[H] \centering @@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} -\textbf{Elementary Substances:} +\subsubsection{Elementary Substances} \begin{table}[H] \centering @@ -396,17 +396,17 @@ Rn & -71 & -61.7 & Colorless gas & Radioactive tracer \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} -\textbf{Preparation:} +\subsubsection{Preparation} Noble gases are obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air (except He and Rn). -\textit{Helium (He):} Extracted from natural gas wells. +\textbf{Helium (He):} Extracted from natural gas wells. -\textit{Radon (Rn):} Decay product of radium, collected from uranium/thorium ores. +\textbf{Radon (Rn):} Decay product of radium, collected from uranium/thorium ores. \subsection{Other Nonmetals} -\textbf{Elements:} +\subsubsection{Elements} \begin{table}[H] \centering @@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\ \end{tabular} \end{table} -\textbf{Elementary Substances:} +\subsubsection{Elementary Substances} \begin{longtable}{p{1.3cm}p{1.6cm}p{1.6cm}p{2.3cm}p{4.3cm}} \toprule @@ -452,16 +452,16 @@ Se (gray) & 221 & 685 & Hexagonal & Photocells, glass \\ \bottomrule \end{longtable} -\textbf{Preparation Methods:} +\subsubsection{Preparation Methods} -\textit{Hydrogen (H$_2$):} +\textbf{Hydrogen (H$_2$):} \begin{itemize} \item Steam reforming of methane: \ce{CH4 + H2O <=>[catalyst][high T] CO + 3H2} \item Electrolysis of water: \ce{2H2O ->[electrolysis] 2H2 ^ + O2 ^} \item Laboratory: Reaction of metals with acids: \ce{Zn + 2HCl -> ZnCl2 + H2 ^} \end{itemize} -\textit{Oxygen (O$_2$):} +\textbf{Oxygen (O$_2$):} \begin{itemize} \item Fractional distillation of liquid air \item Electrolysis of water: \ce{2H2O ->[electrolysis] 2H2 ^ + O2 ^} @@ -469,17 +469,17 @@ Se (gray) & 221 & 685 & Hexagonal & Photocells, glass \\ \item Or: \ce{2KClO3 ->[MnO2, heat] 2KCl + 3O2 ^} \end{itemize} -\textit{Nitrogen (N$_2$):} Fractional distillation of liquid air +\textbf{Nitrogen (N$_2$):} Fractional distillation of liquid air -\textit{Chlorine (Cl$_2$):} See Halogen section +\textbf{Chlorine (Cl$_2$):} See Halogen section -\textit{Sulfur (S):} +\textbf{Sulfur (S):} \begin{itemize} \item Frasch process: Melting underground sulfur with superheated water \item Recovered from petroleum refining and natural gas processing \end{itemize} -\textit{Phosphorus (P):} Reduction of phosphate rock with coke and silica: +\textbf{Phosphorus (P):} Reduction of phosphate rock with coke and silica: \ce{2Ca3(PO4)2 + 6SiO2 + 10C ->[high T] 6CaSiO3 + 10CO ^ + P4 ^}