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contents/nomenclature.tex

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+\section{Chemical nomenclature: Prefixes and suffixes}
+
+\subsection{Numerical prefixes}
+
+\begin{table}[H]
+\centering
+\begin{tabular}{lll}
+\toprule
+Prefix & Number & Example \\
+\midrule
+mono- & 1 & Monoxide, monohydrate \\
+di- & 2 & Dioxide, dichloride \\
+tri- & 3 & Trichloride, trioxide \\
+tetra- & 4 & Tetrachloride, tetrahedral \\
+penta- & 5 & Pentoxide, pentane \\
+hexa- & 6 & Hexane, hexafluoride \\
+hepta- & 7 & Heptane, heptoxide \\
+octa- & 8 & Octane, octahedron \\
+nona- & 9 & Nonane, nonoxide \\
+deca- & 10 & Decane, decahydrate \\
+undeca- & 11 & Undecane \\
+dodeca- & 12 & Dodecane, dodecahedron \\
+\bottomrule
+\end{tabular}
+\end{table}
+
+\subsection{Hydrocarbon chain prefixes}
+
+\begin{table}[H]
+\centering
+\begin{tabular}{llll}
+\toprule
+Prefix & \# Carbons & Root Word & Example \\
+\midrule
+meth- & 1 & Methane & Methanol, methyl \\
+eth- & 2 & Ethane & Ethanol, ethyl \\
+prop- & 3 & Propane & Propanol, propyl \\
+but- & 4 & Butane & Butanol, butyl \\
+pent- & 5 & Pentane & Pentanol, pentyl \\
+hex- & 6 & Hexane & Hexanol, hexyl \\
+hept- & 7 & Heptane & Heptanol, heptyl \\
+oct- & 8 & Octane & Octanol, octyl \\
+non- & 9 & Nonane & Nonanol, nonyl \\
+dec- & 10 & Decane & Decanol, decyl \\
+\bottomrule
+\end{tabular}
+\end{table}
+
+\subsection{Structural and positional prefixes}
+
+\begin{longtable}{p{2.5cm}p{5cm}p{5.5cm}}
+\toprule
+Prefix & Meaning & Example \\
+\midrule
+\endfirsthead
+\toprule
+Prefix & Meaning & Example \\
+\midrule
+\endhead
+iso- & Branched (methyl on penultimate carbon) & Isopropanol, isobutane \\
+neo- & New, highly branched & Neopentane \\
+sec- & Secondary (2$^\circ$, attached to 2 carbons) & sec-Butanol \\
+tert- & Tertiary (3$^\circ$, attached to 3 carbons) & tert-Butanol \\
+cyclo- & Cyclic/ring structure & Cyclohexane, cyclopropane \\
+ortho- (o-) & Adjacent positions on benzene (1,2) & o-Xylene, o-cresol \\
+meta- (m-) & Separated by one carbon on benzene (1,3) & m-Xylene \\
+para- (p-) & Opposite positions on benzene (1,4) & p-Xylene, p-cresol \\
+cis- & Same side (geometric isomer) & cis-2-Butene \\
+trans- & Opposite sides (geometric isomer) & trans-2-Butene \\
+\bottomrule
+\end{longtable}
+
+\subsection{Halogen prefixes}
+
+\begin{table}[H]
+\centering
+\begin{tabular}{lll}
+\toprule
+Prefix & Halogen & Example \\
+\midrule
+fluoro- & Fluorine (F) & Fluoromethane, fluorobenzene \\
+chloro- & Chlorine (Cl) & Chloroform, chlorobenzene \\
+bromo- & Bromine (Br) & Bromoethane, bromobenzene \\
+iodo- & Iodine (I) & Iodoform, iodobenzene \\
+\bottomrule
+\end{tabular}
+\end{table}
+
+\subsection{Other common prefixes}
+
+\begin{longtable}{p{2.5cm}p{5cm}p{5.5cm}}
+\toprule
+Prefix & Meaning & Example \\
+\midrule
+\endfirsthead
+\toprule
+Prefix & Meaning & Example \\
+\midrule
+\endhead
+per- & Maximum/complete & Perchloric acid, peroxide \\
+hypo- & Less than normal oxidation state & Hypochlorous acid \\
+thio- & Sulfur replacing oxygen & Thiosulfate, thiol \\
+oxy- & Oxygen in compound & Oxytocin \\
+nitro- & \ce{-NO2} group & Nitrobenzene, nitroglycerin \\
+nitroso- & \ce{-NO} group & Nitrosobenzene \\
+amino- & \ce{-NH2} group & Aminobenzoic acid \\
+hydroxy- & \ce{-OH} group & Hydroxybenzoic acid \\
+oxo- & \ce{=O} group (ketone/aldehyde) & Oxoacid \\
+carb- & Carbon & Carbide, carbon \\
+cyan- & \ce{-CN} group & Cyanide, cyanohydrin \\
+acet- & Related to acetic acid/acetyl & Acetate, acetone, acetyl \\
+form- & Related to formic acid/formyl & Formate, formaldehyde \\
+benz- & Related to benzene & Benzyl, benzoyl, benzoic \\
+phenyl- & \ce{C6H5-} group & Phenylamine (aniline) \\
+vinyl- & \ce{CH2=CH-} group & Vinyl chloride \\
+allyl- & \ce{CH2=CH-CH2-} group & Allyl alcohol \\
+\bottomrule
+\end{longtable}
+
+\subsection{Functional group suffixes}
+
+\begin{longtable}{p{2.5cm}p{4cm}p{6.5cm}}
+\toprule
+Suffix & Functional Group & Example \\
+\midrule
+\endfirsthead
+\toprule
+Suffix & Functional Group & Example \\
+\midrule
+\endhead
+-ane & Alkane (single bonds) & Methane, ethane, propane \\
+-ene & Alkene (double bond) & Ethene (ethylene), propene \\
+-yne & Alkyne (triple bond) & Ethyne (acetylene), propyne \\
+-yl & Alkyl group (substituent) & Methyl, ethyl, propyl \\
+-ol & Alcohol (\ce{-OH}) & Methanol, ethanol, phenol \\
+-al & Aldehyde (\ce{-CHO}) & Methanal (formaldehyde), ethanal \\
+-one & Ketone (\ce{C=O}) & Acetone (propanone), butanone \\
+-oic acid & Carboxylic acid (\ce{-COOH}) and Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) \\
+-oate & Ester (\ce{-COO-}) & Ethyl acetate (ethyl ethanoate) \\
+-amide & Amide (\ce{-CONH2}) & Acetamide, formamide \\
+-amine & Amine (\ce{-NH2}) & Methylamine, ethylamine \\
+-nitrile & Nitrile (\ce{-CN}) & Acetonitrile, propionitrile \\
+-ether & Ether (\ce{-O-}) & Diethyl ether \\
+-thiol & Thiol (\ce{-SH}) & Ethanethiol, methanethiol \\
+-ate & Salt of acid & Sulfate, nitrate, acetate \\
+-ite & Salt of -ous acid & Sulfite, nitrite \\
+-ide & Binary compound/ion & Chloride, oxide, sulfide \\
+\bottomrule
+\end{longtable}
+
+\subsection{Acid nomenclature patterns}
+
+\begin{table}[H]
+\centering
+\begin{tabular}{llll}
+\toprule
+Oxidation State & Acid Name & Salt Name & Example \\
+\midrule
+Highest & per-...-ic acid & per-...-ate & Perchloric acid/perchlorate \\
+High & -ic acid & -ate & Sulfuric acid/sulfate \\
+Low & -ous acid & -ite & Sulfurous acid/sulfite \\
+Lowest & hypo-...-ous acid & hypo-...-ite & Hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite \\
+\bottomrule
+\end{tabular}
+\end{table}
+
+\textbf{Examples:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item \ce{HClO4} - Perchloric acid $\rightarrow$ Perchlorate (\ce{ClO4-})
+\item \ce{HClO3} - Chloric acid $\rightarrow$ Chlorate (\ce{ClO3-})
+\item \ce{HClO2} - Chlorous acid $\rightarrow$ Chlorite (\ce{ClO2-})
+\item \ce{HClO} - Hypochlorous acid $\rightarrow$ Hypochlorite (\ce{ClO-})
+\end{itemize}