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@@ -1649,7 +1649,7 @@ Suffix & Functional Group & Example \\
 -ol & Alcohol (\ce{-OH}) & Methanol, ethanol, phenol \\
 -al & Aldehyde (\ce{-CHO}) & Methanal (formaldehyde), ethanal \\
 -one & Ketone (\ce{C=O}) & Acetone (propanone), butanone \\
--oic acid & Carboxylic acid (\ce{-COOH}) & Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) \\
+-oic acid & Carboxylic acid (\ce{-COOH}) and Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) \\
 -oate & Ester (\ce{-COO-}) & Ethyl acetate (ethyl ethanoate) \\
 -amide & Amide (\ce{-CONH2}) & Acetamide, formamide \\
 -amine & Amine (\ce{-NH2}) & Methylamine, ethylamine \\
@@ -1707,7 +1707,7 @@ Isobutane & \ce{(CH3)3CH} & Branched isomer of butane, refrigerant \\
 Pentane & \ce{C5H12} & Laboratory solvent \\
 Hexane & \ce{C6H14} & Extraction solvent \\
 Octane & \ce{C8H18} & Gasoline component \\
-Paraffin & \ce{C_{n}H_{2n+2}} & Wax, candles (long chain alkanes) \\
+Paraffin & \ce{C_nH_{2n+2}} & Wax, candles (long chain alkanes) \\
 Ethylene & \ce{C2H4} & Fruit ripening agent, plastic production \\
 Propylene & \ce{C3H6} & Polypropylene production \\
 Acetylene & \ce{C2H2} & Welding gas, illumination \\
@@ -1774,7 +1774,6 @@ Ethanol & \ce{C2H5OH} & Drinking alcohol, solvent, fuel \\
 Isopropanol & \ce{(CH3)2CHOH} & Rubbing alcohol, disinfectant \\
 Butanol & \ce{C4H9OH} & Solvent, plasticizer \\
 Ethylene glycol & \ce{HOCH2CH2OH} & Antifreeze, polyester precursor \\
-Glycerol (Glycerin) & \ce{HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH} & Soap making, sweetener, explosives \\
 Phenol & \ce{C6H5OH} & Disinfectant, plastic precursor, caustic \\
 Cresol & \ce{CH3C6H4OH} & Disinfectant, wood preservative \\
 Resorcinol & \ce{C6H4(OH)2} & Adhesives, dyes, antiseptic \\
@@ -1794,12 +1793,703 @@ Menthol & \ce{C10H20O} & Cooling sensation, mint flavor \\
 
 \subsection{Carboxylic acids and esters}
 
+\begin{longtable}{p{3.5cm}p{3.5cm}p{6.5cm}}
+\toprule
+Common Name & Formula/Structure & Description/Use \\
+\midrule
+\endfirsthead
+\toprule
+Common Name & Formula/Structure & Description/Use \\
+\midrule
+\endhead
+Formic acid & \ce{HCOOH} & Ant venom, leather tanning, antibacterial \\
+Acetic acid & \ce{CH3COOH} & Vinegar (5\%), food preservative, solvent \\
+Propionic acid & \ce{C2H5COOH} & Food preservative, mold inhibitor \\
+Butyric acid & \ce{C3H7COOH} & Rancid butter odor, flavoring \\
+Valeric acid & \ce{C4H9COOH} & Unpleasant odor, pharmaceutical intermediate \\
+Caproic acid & \ce{C5H11COOH} & Goat odor, flavoring agent \\
+Palmitic acid & \ce{C15H31COOH} & Palm oil, soap making, saturated fat \\
+Stearic acid & \ce{C17H35COOH} & Candles, soap, cosmetics, saturated fat \\
+Oleic acid & \ce{C17H33COOH} & Olive oil, unsaturated fatty acid \\
+Linoleic acid & \ce{C17H31COOH} & Essential fatty acid, polyunsaturated \\
+Oxalic acid & \ce{HOOC-COOH} & Rust remover, toxic (kidney stones) \\
+Malonic acid & \ce{HOOC-CH2-COOH} & Synthesis intermediate, barbiturate precursor \\
+Citric acid & \ce{C6H8O7} & Citrus fruits, food acidulant, chelator \\
+Tartaric acid & \ce{C4H6O6} & Grapes, baking powder, wine making \\
+Malic acid & \ce{C4H6O5} & Apples, sour taste in fruits \\
+Lactic acid & \ce{CH3CH(OH)COOH} & Sour milk, muscle fatigue, fermentation \\
+Benzoic acid & \ce{C6H5COOH} & Food preservative, antifungal \\
+Salicylic acid & \ce{C6H4(OH)COOH} & Aspirin precursor, acne treatment \\
+Phthalic acid & \ce{C6H4(COOH)2} & Plasticizer, polyester resin \\
+Methyl formate & \ce{HCOOCH3} & Fumigant, solvent, tobacco flavoring \\
+Ethyl acetate & \ce{CH3COOC2H5} & Nail polish remover, fruity odor \\
+Butyl acetate & \ce{CH3COOC4H9} & Banana oil, lacquer solvent \\
+Methyl salicylate & \ce{C6H4(OH)COOCH3} & Wintergreen oil, muscle pain relief \\
+Ethyl butyrate & \ce{C3H7COOC2H5} & Pineapple flavor, perfume \\
+Amyl acetate & \ce{CH3COOC5H11} & Banana oil, pear flavor \\
+Nitroglycerin & \ce{C3H5(ONO2)3} & Explosive, angina medication (vasodilator) \\
+\bottomrule
+\end{longtable}
+
 \subsection{Amines, amides and nitriles}
 
+\begin{longtable}{p{3.5cm}p{3.5cm}p{6.5cm}}
+\toprule
+Common Name & Formula/Structure & Description/Use \\
+\midrule
+\endfirsthead
+\toprule
+Common Name & Formula/Structure & Description/Use \\
+\midrule
+\endhead
+Methylamine & \ce{CH3NH2} & Fishy odor, pharmaceutical intermediate \\
+Ethylamine & \ce{C2H5NH2} & Solvent, dye intermediate \\
+Dimethylamine & \ce{(CH3)2NH} & Leather tanning, rocket fuel component \\
+Trimethylamine & \ce{(CH3)3N} & Fishy odor in spoiled fish \\
+Aniline & \ce{C6H5NH2} & Dye production, rubber chemicals, toxic \\
+Phenylethylamine & \ce{C6H5CH2CH2NH2} & Neurotransmitter, chocolate component \\
+Pyridine & \ce{C5H5N} & Solvent, denaturant, unpleasant odor \\
+Putrescine & \ce{H2N(CH2)4NH2} & Decaying flesh odor, diamine \\
+Cadaverine & \ce{H2N(CH2)5NH2} & Corpse odor, diamine \\
+Ethanolamine & \ce{HOCH2CH2NH2} & Detergent, gas scrubbing, emulsifier \\
+Formamide & \ce{HCONH2} & Solvent, softener \\
+Acetamide & \ce{CH3CONH2} & Plasticizer, solvent \\
+Urea & \ce{(NH2)2CO} & Fertilizer, animal feed, cosmetics \\
+Polyacrylamide & {[-\ce{CH2CH(CONH2)}-]$_n$} & Water treatment, gel electrophoresis \\
+Paracetamol & \ce{CH3CONHC6H4OH} & Acetaminophen, pain reliever, fever reducer \\
+Caffeine & \ce{C8H10N4O2} & Coffee stimulant, central nervous system \\
+Nicotine & \ce{C10H14N2} & Tobacco alkaloid, highly addictive, toxic \\
+Acetonitrile & \ce{CH3CN} & HPLC solvent, extraction \\
+Acrylonitrile & \ce{CH2=CHCN} & Acrylic fiber, ABS plastic monomer \\
+Adiponitrile & \ce{NC(CH2)4CN} & Nylon-66 precursor \\
+Benzonitrile & \ce{C6H5CN} & Solvent, chemical intermediate \\
+Hydrogen cyanide & \ce{HCN} & Extremely toxic gas, fumigant, gold extraction \\
+Cyanamide & \ce{H2NCN} & Fertilizer, calcium cyanamide \\
+\bottomrule
+\end{longtable}
+
 \subsection{Thiols and thioethers}
 
+\begin{longtable}{p{3.5cm}p{3.5cm}p{6.5cm}}
+\toprule
+Common Name & Formula/Structure & Description/Use \\
+\midrule
+\endfirsthead
+\toprule
+Common Name & Formula/Structure & Description/Use \\
+\midrule
+\endhead
+Methanethiol & \ce{CH3SH} & Rotten cabbage odor, natural gas odorant \\
+Ethanethiol & \ce{C2H5SH} & Skunk spray component, LPG odorant \\
+Propanethiol & \ce{C3H7SH} & Onion lachrymator precursor \\
+Butanethiol & \ce{C4H9SH} & Skunk secretion, extremely foul odor \\
+Thiophenol & \ce{C6H5SH} & Extremely foul odor, chemical intermediate \\
+Glutathione & \ce{C10H17N3O6S} & Antioxidant tripeptide, detoxification \\
+Lipoic acid & \ce{C8H14O2S2} & Antioxidant, enzyme cofactor \\
+Mercaptoethanol & \ce{HSCH2CH2OH} & Reducing agent in biochemistry \\
+Allicin & \ce{C6H10OS2} & Garlic odor and flavor, antibiotic \\
+Dimethyl sulfide & \ce{(CH3)2S} & Ocean smell, cabbage odor \\
+Diethyl sulfide & \ce{(C2H5)2S} & Garlic-like odor, solvent \\
+Mustard gas & \ce{(ClCH2CH2)2S} & Chemical warfare agent, extremely toxic \\
+Dimethyl sulfoxide & \ce{(CH3)2SO} & DMSO, solvent, penetrates skin \\
+Biotin & \ce{C10H16N2O3S} & Vitamin B7, coenzyme, hair/nail health \\
+Thioacetone & \ce{(CH3)2CS} & Worst smell in history, evacuated city \\
+Thiourea & \ce{(NH2)2CS} & Photography, textile processing \\
+\bottomrule
+\end{longtable}
+
 \subsection{Organic compounds in everyday life}
 
+\subsubsection{Carbohydrates and sugars}
+
+\textbf{Glucose (C$_6$H$_{12}$O$_6$)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Blood sugar, dextrose, grape sugar
+
+\textbf{Structure:} \chemfig{CHO-[:270]C(-[:180]OH)(-[:0]H)-[:270]C(-[:0]OH)(-[:180]H)-[:270]C(-[:180]OH)(-[:0]H)-[:270]C(-[:0]OH)(-[:180]H)-[:270]CH_2OH}
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Most important monosaccharide in human metabolism
+\item Exists as cyclic form (pyranose) in solution
+\item Reducing sugar (positive Fehling's and Benedict's test)
+\item Primary energy source for cellular respiration
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Occurrence:} Blood, fruits, honey, cornstarch hydrolysis
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Fructose (C$_6$H$_{12}$O$_6$)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Fruit sugar, levulose
+
+\textbf{Structure:} \chemfig{CH_2OH-[:270]C(=[:180]O)-[:270]C(-[:0]OH)(-[:180]H)-[:270]C(-[:180]OH)(-[:0]H)-[:270]C(-[:0]OH)(-[:180]H)-[:270]CH_2OH}
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Sweetest natural sugar
+\item Ketose (ketone sugar) rather than aldose
+\item Forms furanose ring in solution
+\item Reducing sugar
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Occurrence:} Fruits, honey, high-fructose corn syrup
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Sucrose (C$_{12}$H$_{22}$O$_{11}$)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Table sugar, cane sugar, beet sugar
+
+\textbf{Structure:} Disaccharide of glucose and fructose linked by $\alpha$(1$\to$2) glycosidic bond
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Non-reducing sugar (no free anomeric carbon)
+\item Highly soluble in water
+\item Hydrolyzes to glucose and fructose (invert sugar)
+\item \ce{C12H22O11 + H2O ->[H+ or invertase] C6H12O6 (glucose) + C6H12O6 (fructose)}
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Occurrence:} Sugar cane, sugar beets, maple syrup
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Lactose (C$_{12}$H$_{22}$O$_{11}$)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Milk sugar
+
+\textbf{Structure:} Disaccharide of glucose and galactose linked by $\beta$(1$\to$4) glycosidic bond
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Reducing sugar (free anomeric carbon on glucose)
+\item Less sweet than sucrose
+\item Hydrolyzed by lactase enzyme
+\item Lactose intolerance results from lactase deficiency
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Occurrence:} Mammalian milk (cow milk: 4-5\%, human milk: 6-7\%)
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Maltose (C$_{12}$H$_{22}$O$_{11}$)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Malt sugar
+
+\textbf{Structure:} Disaccharide of two glucose units linked by $\alpha$(1$\to$4) glycosidic bond
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Reducing sugar
+\item Product of starch hydrolysis
+\item Hydrolyzed by maltase enzyme
+\item Important in brewing and bread making
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Occurrence:} Germinating grains, malt, partial starch digestion
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Starch (C$_6$H$_{10}$O$_5$)$_n$}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} None (standard name)
+
+\textbf{Structure:} Polymer of glucose units; mixture of amylose (linear, $\alpha$(1$\to$4) links) and amylopectin (branched, $\alpha$(1$\to$4) and $\alpha$(1$\to$6) links)
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Main storage polysaccharide in plants
+\item Forms blue-black complex with iodine (diagnostic test)
+\item Hydrolyzed by amylase enzymes
+\item Insoluble in cold water, forms colloidal suspension in hot water
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Occurrence:} Potatoes, rice, wheat, corn, all plant tubers and seeds
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Cellulose (C$_6$H$_{10}$O$_5$)$_n$}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Plant fiber
+
+\textbf{Structure:} Linear polymer of glucose units linked by $\beta$(1$\to$4) glycosidic bonds
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Most abundant organic compound on Earth
+\item Structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls
+\item Not digestible by humans (lack cellulase enzyme)
+\item Important dietary fiber
+\item Strong hydrogen bonding between chains gives high tensile strength
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Occurrence:} Plant cell walls, cotton (95\% cellulose), wood (40-50\%)
+
+\subsubsection{Lipids and fats}
+
+\textbf{Fatty acids (General formula: CH$_3$(CH$_2$)$_n$COOH)}
+
+\textbf{Common examples:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Palmitic acid (C$_{16}$H$_{32}$O$_2$): \chemfig{CH_3-[:0](-[:90])-[:0](-[:270])-[:0](-[:90])-[:0](-[:270])-[:0](-[:90])-[:0](-[:270])-[:0](-[:90])-[:0](-[:270])-[:0]COOH}
+\item Stearic acid (C$_{18}$H$_{36}$O$_2$): Saturated, 18-carbon chain
+\item Oleic acid (C$_{18}$H$_{34}$O$_2$): Monounsaturated, one C=C double bond
+\item Linoleic acid (C$_{18}$H$_{32}$O$_2$): Polyunsaturated, two C=C double bonds
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Saturated: All C-C single bonds, solid at room temperature
+\item Unsaturated: Contains C=C double bonds, liquid at room temperature
+\item Amphipathic: Hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head
+\end{itemize}
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Triglycerides (Fats and oils)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Fat (solid), Oil (liquid)
+
+\textbf{Structure:} Ester of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules
+
+\chemfig{CH_2(-[:90]O-[:90]C(=[:150]O)-[:30]R_1)-[:270]CH(-[:0]O-[:0]C(=[:60]O)-[:300]R_2)-[:270]CH_2(-[:270]O-[:270]C(=[:210]O)-[:330]R_3)}
+
+where R$_1$, R$_2$, R$_3$ are long-chain fatty acid residues
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Energy storage molecules (9 kcal/g)
+\item Fats (saturated): Solid at room temperature (animal fats: lard, butter)
+\item Oils (unsaturated): Liquid at room temperature (vegetable oils: olive, corn, sunflower)
+\item Hydrophobic, insoluble in water
+\item Undergo saponification (base hydrolysis to form soap)
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Saponification reaction:}
+
+\ce{Fat + 3NaOH -> Glycerol + 3 Soap (sodium salt of fatty acid)}
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Phospholipids}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Cell membrane lipids
+
+\textbf{Structure:} Similar to triglycerides but one fatty acid replaced by phosphate group
+
+\textbf{Example - Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin):}
+
+\chemfig{CH_2(-[:90]O-[:90]C(=[:150]O)-[:30]R_1)-[:270]CH(-[:0]O-[:0]C(=[:60]O)-[:300]R_2)-[:270]CH_2(-[:270]O-[:270]P(=[:210]O)(-[:270]O^{-})(-[:330]O-[:330]CH_2-[:30]CH_2-[:330]N^{+}(CH_3)_3))}
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Amphipathic molecules
+\item Form lipid bilayer in cell membranes
+\item Essential for membrane structure and function
+\item Emulsifying agents
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Occurrence:} All cell membranes, egg yolk, soybeans
+
+\subsubsection{Soaps and detergents}
+
+\textbf{Soap}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Sodium or potassium salt of fatty acids
+
+\textbf{Structure (example - sodium stearate):}
+
+\chemfig{CH_3-[:0](-[:90])-[:0](-[:270])-[:0](-[:90])-[:0](-[:270])-[:0](-[:90])-[:0](-[:270])-[:0](-[:90])-[:0](-[:270])-[:0]COO^{-}Na^{+}}
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Amphipathic: Hydrophobic tail (C$_{12}$-C$_{18}$ chain), hydrophilic head (COO$^-$)
+\item Forms micelles in water
+\item Lowers surface tension
+\item Ineffective in hard water (forms precipitate with Ca$^{2+}$, Mg$^{2+}$)
+\item Basic in aqueous solution (pH 9-10)
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Preparation:} Saponification of fats with strong base (NaOH or KOH)
+
+\textbf{Mechanism of cleaning:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Hydrophobic tails dissolve in grease/oil
+\item Hydrophilic heads face water
+\item Forms emulsion allowing oil removal
+\end{itemize}
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Detergents}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Synthetic soaps
+
+\textbf{Types:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Anionic: Sodium alkyl sulfates (e.g., SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate)
+\item Cationic: Quaternary ammonium salts
+\item Non-ionic: Polyethylene glycol derivatives
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Example - Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS):}
+
+\chemfig{CH_3-[:0](CH_2)_{11}-[:0]O-[:0]S(=[:60]O)(=[:300]O)(-[:180]O^{-}Na^{+})}
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Work in hard water (do not precipitate with Ca$^{2+}$, Mg$^{2+}$)
+\item More effective than soaps in acidic conditions
+\item Stronger cleaning action
+\item Some are non-biodegradable (environmental concern)
+\end{itemize}
+
+\subsubsection{Vitamins}
+
+\textbf{Vitamin A (Retinol, C$_{20}$H$_{30}$O)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Retinol, anti-xerophthalmia vitamin
+
+\textbf{Structure:} \chemfig{CH_3-[:30](-[:90]CH_3)(-[:330]CH_3)-[:330]*6(-=-(-CH_3)=-=)-[:30]=[:330]-[:30]=[:330]-[:30]=[:330]-[:30]CH_2OH}
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Fat-soluble vitamin
+\item Important for vision (forms rhodopsin in retina)
+\item Essential for growth, immune function, skin health
+\item Deficiency: Night blindness, xerophthalmia (dry eyes)
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Sources:} Liver, fish oils, dairy products, carrots (as $\beta$-carotene precursor)
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid, C$_6$H$_8$O$_6$)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Ascorbic acid, anti-scurvy vitamin
+
+\textbf{Structure:} \chemfig{HO-[:30]*5(-(=O)-O-(-[:90]OH)=(-[:270]OH)-)}(-[:270]CH(-[:330]OH)-[:270]CH_2OH)
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Water-soluble vitamin
+\item Powerful antioxidant
+\item Essential for collagen synthesis
+\item Enhances iron absorption
+\item Easily oxidized (degraded by heat, light, air)
+\item Deficiency: Scurvy (bleeding gums, poor wound healing)
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Sources:} Citrus fruits, strawberries, peppers, broccoli, tomatoes
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Vitamin D$_3$ (Cholecalciferol, C$_{27}$H$_{44}$O)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Cholecalciferol, sunshine vitamin, anti-rickets vitamin
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Fat-soluble vitamin
+\item Synthesized in skin upon UV exposure
+\item Regulates calcium and phosphate absorption
+\item Essential for bone health
+\item Deficiency: Rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults)
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Sources:} Sunlight exposure, fish oils, fortified milk, egg yolk
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Vitamin E ($\alpha$-Tocopherol, C$_{29}$H$_{50}$O$_2$)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} $\alpha$-Tocopherol, anti-sterility vitamin
+
+\textbf{Structure:} Chromanol ring system with long phytyl side chain
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Fat-soluble vitamin
+\item Major antioxidant protecting cell membranes
+\item Protects polyunsaturated fatty acids from oxidation
+\item Important for reproduction and immune function
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Sources:} Vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, green leafy vegetables
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Vitamin K (Phylloquinone, C$_{31}$H$_{46}$O$_2$)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Phylloquinone, anti-hemorrhagic vitamin
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Fat-soluble vitamin
+\item Essential for blood clotting (activates clotting factors)
+\item Important for bone metabolism
+\item Synthesized by intestinal bacteria
+\item Deficiency: Prolonged bleeding, hemorrhage
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Sources:} Green leafy vegetables (spinach, kale), liver, bacteria synthesis
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Vitamin B$_1$ (Thiamine, C$_{12}$H$_{17}$N$_4$OS$^+$)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Thiamine, anti-beriberi vitamin
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Water-soluble vitamin
+\item Cofactor for enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism
+\item Essential for nervous system function
+\item Deficiency: Beriberi (nerve damage, heart failure)
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Sources:} Whole grains, pork, legumes, nuts
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Vitamin B$_2$ (Riboflavin, C$_{17}$H$_{20}$N$_4$O$_6$)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Riboflavin
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Water-soluble vitamin
+\item Component of FAD and FMN (electron carriers)
+\item Essential for energy metabolism
+\item Yellow-orange color, fluorescent in UV light
+\item Deficiency: Cracks at corners of mouth, skin disorders
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Sources:} Milk, eggs, meat, green vegetables
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Vitamin B$_3$ (Niacin, C$_6$H$_5$NO$_2$)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Niacin, nicotinic acid, anti-pellagra vitamin
+
+\textbf{Structure:} \chemfig{*6(=-=(-COOH)-=-N=)}
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Water-soluble vitamin
+\item Component of NAD$^+$ and NADP$^+$ (electron carriers)
+\item Essential for energy metabolism and DNA repair
+\item Deficiency: Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia)
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Sources:} Meat, fish, peanuts, fortified grains
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Vitamin B$_6$ (Pyridoxine, C$_8$H$_{11}$NO$_3$)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Pyridoxine
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Water-soluble vitamin
+\item Cofactor for amino acid metabolism
+\item Important for neurotransmitter synthesis
+\item Deficiency: Anemia, peripheral neuropathy
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Sources:} Meat, fish, potatoes, chickpeas, bananas
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Vitamin B$_{12}$ (Cobalamin, C$_{63}$H$_{88}$CoN$_{14}$O$_{14}$P)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Cobalamin, anti-pernicious anemia vitamin
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Water-soluble vitamin
+\item Contains cobalt ion (only vitamin with metal)
+\item Essential for DNA synthesis and red blood cell formation
+\item Important for nervous system function
+\item Requires intrinsic factor for absorption
+\item Deficiency: Pernicious anemia, nerve damage
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Sources:} Animal products only (meat, fish, eggs, dairy)
+
+\subsubsection{Other everyday organic compounds}
+
+\textbf{Agar}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Agar-agar
+
+\textbf{Structure:} Polysaccharide mixture of agarose and agaropectin extracted from red algae (mainly galactose units with 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose)
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Forms gel at low concentrations (0.5-2\%)
+\item Melting point: 85°C, gelling point: 32-40°C (hysteresis)
+\item Not digested by most bacteria
+\item Stable and inert
+\item Vegetarian alternative to gelatin
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Uses:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Microbiology: Culture medium for bacteria and fungi
+\item Food industry: Gelling agent, stabilizer, thickener
+\item Molecular biology: Gel electrophoresis
+\item Cooking: Desserts, jellies (especially in Asian cuisine)
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Source:} Red algae (seaweed): Gelidium, Gracilaria species
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Gelatin}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Gelatin
+
+\textbf{Structure:} Protein derived from collagen hydrolysis; contains glycine, proline, hydroxyproline as major amino acids
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Forms thermoreversible gel
+\item Melting point: 35-40°C (melts at body temperature)
+\item Amphiphilic (both hydrophobic and hydrophilic amino acids)
+\item Biodegradable
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Uses:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Food: Desserts, marshmallows, gummy candies
+\item Pharmaceuticals: Capsule coating, tablet binder
+\item Photography: Film emulsion
+\item Cosmetics: Face masks, creams
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Source:} Animal collagen (bones, skin, connective tissue)
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Caffeine (C$_8$H$_{10}$N$_4$O$_2$)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Caffeine, guaranine, theine
+
+\textbf{Structure:} \chemfig{*6(=N-*5(-N(-CH_3)-(=O)-N(-CH_3)-)=-(=O)-N=-)}(-[:90]CH_3)
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Central nervous system stimulant
+\item Alkaloid (contains nitrogen in heterocyclic ring)
+\item Bitter taste
+\item Sublimes at 178°C without melting
+\item Blocks adenosine receptors (reduces drowsiness)
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Effects:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Increases alertness and concentration
+\item Mild diuretic
+\item Can cause insomnia, jitters at high doses
+\item Tolerance develops with regular use
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Sources:} Coffee beans, tea leaves, cocoa beans, guarana, kola nuts
+
+\textbf{Content:} Coffee (95 mg/cup), tea (47 mg/cup), cola (40 mg/can), chocolate (25 mg/bar)
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Nicotine (C$_{10}$H$_{14}$N$_2$)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Nicotine
+
+\textbf{Structure:} \chemfig{*6(=-*5(-=-(-[:90]CH_3)-N-)-=-(-[:0]*5(-N--=-=))=)}
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Highly addictive alkaloid
+\item Liquid at room temperature, turns brown on exposure to air
+\item Stimulant at low doses, depressant at high doses
+\item Binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
+\item Highly toxic (LD$_{50}$ = 0.5-1 mg/kg)
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Source:} Tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum)
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Vanillin (C$_8$H$_8$O$_3$)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Vanillin, vanilla flavor
+
+\textbf{Structure:} \chemfig{*6(=-=(-OCH_3)-(-OH)=-(-CHO)=)}
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Aromatic aldehyde
+\item Pleasant sweet vanilla odor
+\item White crystalline solid
+\item Phenolic compound (contains -OH on benzene ring)
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Uses:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Flavoring agent in food and beverages
+\item Fragrance in perfumes and cosmetics
+\item Most used flavoring compound in the world
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Sources:} Natural: Vanilla beans (pods of Vanilla planifolia orchid); Synthetic: Made from lignin or guaiacol
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Menthol (C$_{10}$H$_{20}$O)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Menthol, peppermint camphor
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Cyclic terpene alcohol
+\item Cooling sensation (activates cold-sensitive receptors)
+\item Minty odor and taste
+\item Crystalline solid at room temperature
+\item Local anesthetic and mild analgesic properties
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Uses:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Flavoring: Chewing gum, candy, toothpaste
+\item Pharmaceuticals: Cough drops, throat lozenges, topical pain relief
+\item Cigarettes: Menthol cigarettes
+\item Cosmetics: Shampoos, lip balms
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Sources:} Natural: Peppermint and other mint oils; Synthetic: From citronellal or thymol
+
+\vspace{0.5cm}
+
+\textbf{Cholesterol (C$_{27}$H$_{46}$O)}
+
+\textbf{Common name:} Cholesterol
+
+\textbf{Properties:}
+\begin{itemize}
+\item Steroid lipid with four fused rings (sterane core)
+\item Essential component of animal cell membranes
+\item Precursor for steroid hormones, bile acids, vitamin D
+\item Synthesized in liver
+\item Transported in blood by lipoproteins (LDL, HDL)
+\item High levels associated with cardiovascular disease
+\end{itemize}
+
+\textbf{Sources:} Synthesized by body; dietary sources include meat, eggs, dairy products
+
 \section{Macromolecule}
 
 \section{Plastics}