\section{Chemical nomenclature: Prefixes and suffixes}

\subsection{Numerical prefixes}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\toprule
Prefix & Number & Example \\
\midrule
mono- & 1 & Monoxide, monohydrate \\
di- & 2 & Dioxide, dichloride \\
tri- & 3 & Trichloride, trioxide \\
tetra- & 4 & Tetrachloride, tetrahedral \\
penta- & 5 & Pentoxide, pentane \\
hexa- & 6 & Hexane, hexafluoride \\
hepta- & 7 & Heptane, heptoxide \\
octa- & 8 & Octane, octahedron \\
nona- & 9 & Nonane, nonoxide \\
deca- & 10 & Decane, decahydrate \\
undeca- & 11 & Undecane \\
dodeca- & 12 & Dodecane, dodecahedron \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsection{Hydrocarbon chain prefixes}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{llll}
\toprule
Prefix & \# Carbons & Root Word & Example \\
\midrule
meth- & 1 & Methane & Methanol, methyl \\
eth- & 2 & Ethane & Ethanol, ethyl \\
prop- & 3 & Propane & Propanol, propyl \\
but- & 4 & Butane & Butanol, butyl \\
pent- & 5 & Pentane & Pentanol, pentyl \\
hex- & 6 & Hexane & Hexanol, hexyl \\
hept- & 7 & Heptane & Heptanol, heptyl \\
oct- & 8 & Octane & Octanol, octyl \\
non- & 9 & Nonane & Nonanol, nonyl \\
dec- & 10 & Decane & Decanol, decyl \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsection{Structural and positional prefixes}

\begin{longtable}{p{2.5cm}p{5cm}p{5.5cm}}
\toprule
Prefix & Meaning & Example \\
\midrule
\endfirsthead
\toprule
Prefix & Meaning & Example \\
\midrule
\endhead
iso- & Branched (methyl on penultimate carbon) & Isopropanol, isobutane \\
neo- & New, highly branched & Neopentane \\
sec- & Secondary (2$^\circ$, attached to 2 carbons) & sec-Butanol \\
tert- & Tertiary (3$^\circ$, attached to 3 carbons) & tert-Butanol \\
cyclo- & Cyclic/ring structure & Cyclohexane, cyclopropane \\
ortho- (o-) & Adjacent positions on benzene (1,2) & o-Xylene, o-cresol \\
meta- (m-) & Separated by one carbon on benzene (1,3) & m-Xylene \\
para- (p-) & Opposite positions on benzene (1,4) & p-Xylene, p-cresol \\
cis- & Same side (geometric isomer) & cis-2-Butene \\
trans- & Opposite sides (geometric isomer) & trans-2-Butene \\
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\subsection{Halogen prefixes}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lll}
\toprule
Prefix & Halogen & Example \\
\midrule
fluoro- & Fluorine (F) & Fluoromethane, fluorobenzene \\
chloro- & Chlorine (Cl) & Chloroform, chlorobenzene \\
bromo- & Bromine (Br) & Bromoethane, bromobenzene \\
iodo- & Iodine (I) & Iodoform, iodobenzene \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsection{Other common prefixes}

\begin{longtable}{p{2.5cm}p{5cm}p{5.5cm}}
\toprule
Prefix & Meaning & Example \\
\midrule
\endfirsthead
\toprule
Prefix & Meaning & Example \\
\midrule
\endhead
per- & Maximum/complete & Perchloric acid, peroxide \\
hypo- & Less than normal oxidation state & Hypochlorous acid \\
thio- & Sulfur replacing oxygen & Thiosulfate, thiol \\
oxy- & Oxygen in compound & Oxytocin \\
nitro- & \ce{-NO2} group & Nitrobenzene, nitroglycerin \\
nitroso- & \ce{-NO} group & Nitrosobenzene \\
amino- & \ce{-NH2} group & Aminobenzoic acid \\
hydroxy- & \ce{-OH} group & Hydroxybenzoic acid \\
oxo- & \ce{=O} group (ketone/aldehyde) & Oxoacid \\
carb- & Carbon & Carbide, carbon \\
cyan- & \ce{-CN} group & Cyanide, cyanohydrin \\
acet- & Related to acetic acid/acetyl & Acetate, acetone, acetyl \\
form- & Related to formic acid/formyl & Formate, formaldehyde \\
benz- & Related to benzene & Benzyl, benzoyl, benzoic \\
phenyl- & \ce{C6H5-} group & Phenylamine (aniline) \\
vinyl- & \ce{CH2=CH-} group & Vinyl chloride \\
allyl- & \ce{CH2=CH-CH2-} group & Allyl alcohol \\
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\subsection{Functional group suffixes}

\begin{longtable}{p{2.5cm}p{4cm}p{6.5cm}}
\toprule
Suffix & Functional Group & Example \\
\midrule
\endfirsthead
\toprule
Suffix & Functional Group & Example \\
\midrule
\endhead
-ane & Alkane (single bonds) & Methane, ethane, propane \\
-ene & Alkene (double bond) & Ethene (ethylene), propene \\
-yne & Alkyne (triple bond) & Ethyne (acetylene), propyne \\
-yl & Alkyl group (substituent) & Methyl, ethyl, propyl \\
-ol & Alcohol (\ce{-OH}) & Methanol, ethanol, phenol \\
-al & Aldehyde (\ce{-CHO}) & Methanal (formaldehyde), ethanal \\
-one & Ketone (\ce{C=O}) & Acetone (propanone), butanone \\
-oic acid & Carboxylic acid (\ce{-COOH}) and Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) \\
-oate & Ester (\ce{-COO-}) & Ethyl acetate (ethyl ethanoate) \\
-amide & Amide (\ce{-CONH2}) & Acetamide, formamide \\
-amine & Amine (\ce{-NH2}) & Methylamine, ethylamine \\
-nitrile & Nitrile (\ce{-CN}) & Acetonitrile, propionitrile \\
-ether & Ether (\ce{-O-}) & Diethyl ether \\
-thiol & Thiol (\ce{-SH}) & Ethanethiol, methanethiol \\
-ate & Salt of acid & Sulfate, nitrate, acetate \\
-ite & Salt of -ous acid & Sulfite, nitrite \\
-ide & Binary compound/ion & Chloride, oxide, sulfide \\
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\subsection{Acid nomenclature patterns}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{llll}
\toprule
Oxidation State & Acid Name & Salt Name & Example \\
\midrule
Highest & per-...-ic acid & per-...-ate & Perchloric acid/perchlorate \\
High & -ic acid & -ate & Sulfuric acid/sulfate \\
Low & -ous acid & -ite & Sulfurous acid/sulfite \\
Lowest & hypo-...-ous acid & hypo-...-ite & Hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\textbf{Examples:}
\begin{itemize}
\item \ce{HClO4} - Perchloric acid $\rightarrow$ Perchlorate (\ce{ClO4-})
\item \ce{HClO3} - Chloric acid $\rightarrow$ Chlorate (\ce{ClO3-})
\item \ce{HClO2} - Chlorous acid $\rightarrow$ Chlorite (\ce{ClO2-})
\item \ce{HClO} - Hypochlorous acid $\rightarrow$ Hypochlorite (\ce{ClO-})
\end{itemize}