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\title{Chemistry Vocabulary}
\author{}
\date{}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

\section*{Introduction}

\section{Elements and elementary substances}

\subsection{Alkali metals}

\subsubsection{Elements}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\toprule
Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\
\midrule
3 & Li & Lithium & Lithium & 6.94 \\
11 & Na & Sodium & Natrium & 22.99 \\
19 & K & Potassium & Kalium & 39.10 \\
37 & Rb & Rubidium & Rubidium & 85.47 \\
55 & Cs & Cesium & Caesium & 132.91 \\
87 & Fr & Francium & Francium & (223) \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Elementary Substances}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\small
\begin{tabular}{p{1.5cm}p{1.8cm}p{1.8cm}p{2.5cm}p{4cm}}
\toprule
Element & M.P. ($^\circ$C) & B.P. ($^\circ$C) & Crystal Structure & Application/Source \\
\midrule
Li & 180.5 & 1342 & BCC & Batteries, alloys \\
Na & 97.7 & 883 & BCC & Reducing agent, coolant \\
K & 63.5 & 759 & BCC & Fertilizer, gun powder \\
Rb & 39.3 & 688 & BCC & Photoelectric cells \\
Cs & 28.4 & 671 & BCC & Atomic clocks \\
Fr & 27 & 677 & --- & Radioactive, no use \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Preparation Methods}

\textbf{Sodium (Na):} Electrolysis of molten NaCl: \ce{2NaCl ->[electrolysis] 2Na + Cl2 ^}

\textbf{Potassium (K):} Reduction of KCl with Na at high temperature: \ce{KCl + Na ->[high T] K ^ + NaCl}

\subsection{Alkaline earth metals}

\subsubsection{Elements}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\toprule
Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\
\midrule
4 & Be & Beryllium & Beryllium & 9.01 \\
12 & Mg & Magnesium & Magnesium & 24.31 \\
20 & Ca & Calcium & Calcium & 40.08 \\
38 & Sr & Strontium & Strontium & 87.62 \\
56 & Ba & Barium & Barium & 137.33 \\
88 & Ra & Radium & Radium & (226) \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Elementary Substances}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\small
\begin{tabular}{p{1.5cm}p{1.8cm}p{1.8cm}p{2.5cm}p{4cm}}
\toprule
Element & M.P. ($^\circ$C) & B.P. ($^\circ$C) & Crystal Structure & Application/Source \\
\midrule
Be & 1287 & 2470 & HCP & Alloys, X-ray windows \\
Mg & 650 & 1090 & HCP & Alloys, fireworks \\
Ca & 842 & 1484 & FCC & Reducing agent, cement \\
Sr & 777 & 1382 & FCC & Fireworks (red) \\
Ba & 727 & 1897 & BCC & Drilling fluids \\
Ra & 700 & 1737 & BCC & Radioactive, obsolete \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Preparation Methods}

\textbf{Magnesium (Mg):} Electrolysis of molten MgCl$_2$: \ce{MgCl2 ->[electrolysis] Mg + Cl2 ^}

Alternatively, reduction of MgO with coke: \ce{MgO + C ->[high T] Mg ^ + CO ^}

\textbf{Calcium (Ca):} Electrolysis of molten CaCl$_2$ or reduction of CaO with Al

\subsection{Transition metals}

\subsubsection{Elements (First Row)}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\small
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\toprule
Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\
\midrule
21 & Sc & Scandium & Scandium & 44.96 \\
22 & Ti & Titanium & Titanium & 47.87 \\
23 & V & Vanadium & Vanadium & 50.94 \\
24 & Cr & Chromium & Chromium & 52.00 \\
25 & Mn & Manganese & Manganese & 54.94 \\
26 & Fe & Iron & Ferrum & 55.85 \\
27 & Co & Cobalt & Cobaltum & 58.93 \\
28 & Ni & Nickel & Niccolum & 58.69 \\
29 & Cu & Copper & Cuprum & 63.55 \\
30 & Zn & Zinc & Zincum & 65.38 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Important Elements (Other Rows)}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\toprule
Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\
\midrule
47 & Ag & Silver & Argentum & 107.87 \\
48 & Cd & Cadmium & Cadmium & 112.41 \\
74 & W & Tungsten & Wolframium & 183.84 \\
78 & Pt & Platinum & Platinum & 195.08 \\
79 & Au & Gold & Aurum & 196.97 \\
80 & Hg & Mercury & Hydrargyrum & 200.59 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Elementary Substances}

\begin{longtable}{p{1.3cm}p{1.6cm}p{1.6cm}p{2.2cm}p{4.5cm}}
\toprule
Element & M.P. ($^\circ$C) & B.P. ($^\circ$C) & Crystal Structure & Application/Source \\
\midrule
\endfirsthead
\toprule
Element & M.P. ($^\circ$C) & B.P. ($^\circ$C) & Crystal Structure & Application/Source \\
\midrule
\endhead
Ti & 1668 & 3287 & HCP & Aerospace alloys, pigments \\
V & 1910 & 3407 & BCC & Steel alloys, catalysts \\
Cr & 1907 & 2671 & BCC & Stainless steel, plating \\
Mn & 1246 & 2061 & Cubic & Steel production \\
Fe & 1538 & 2862 & BCC & Construction, machinery \\
Co & 1495 & 2927 & HCP & Alloys, magnets \\
Ni & 1455 & 2913 & FCC & Alloys, catalysts, coins \\
Cu & 1085 & 2562 & FCC & Electrical wire, plumbing \\
Zn & 419.5 & 907 & HCP & Galvanization, batteries \\
Ag & 961.8 & 2162 & FCC & Jewelry, conductors \\
Cd & 321.1 & 767 & HCP & Batteries, pigments \\
W & 3422 & 5555 & BCC & Light bulb filaments \\
Pt & 1768 & 3825 & FCC & Catalysts, jewelry \\
Au & 1064 & 2856 & FCC & Jewelry, electronics \\
Hg & -38.8 & 356.7 & Rhombohedral & Thermometers, lamps \\
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\subsubsection{Preparation Methods}

\textbf{Iron (Fe):} Reduction in blast furnace: \ce{Fe2O3 + 3CO ->[high T] 2Fe + 3CO2}

\textbf{Copper (Cu):} Roasting sulfide ore then reduction: \ce{2Cu2S + 3O2 -> 2Cu2O + 2SO2}, then \ce{Cu2S + 2Cu2O -> 6Cu + SO2 ^}

Alternatively, leaching and electrowinning from oxide ores.

\textbf{Zinc (Zn):} Roasting then reduction with carbon: \ce{2ZnS + 3O2 -> 2ZnO + 2SO2}, then \ce{ZnO + C -> Zn + CO}

\textbf{Chromium (Cr):} Reduction of Cr$_2$O$_3$ with aluminum (thermite process): \ce{Cr2O3 + 2Al -> 2Cr + Al2O3}

\subsection{Post-transition metals}

\subsubsection{Elements}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\toprule
Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\
\midrule
13 & Al & Aluminum & Aluminium & 26.98 \\
31 & Ga & Gallium & Gallium & 69.72 \\
49 & In & Indium & Indium & 114.82 \\
50 & Sn & Tin & Stannum & 118.71 \\
81 & Tl & Thallium & Thallium & 204.38 \\
82 & Pb & Lead & Plumbum & 207.2 \\
83 & Bi & Bismuth & Bismuthum & 208.98 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Elementary Substances}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\small
\begin{tabular}{p{1.3cm}p{1.6cm}p{1.6cm}p{2.2cm}p{4.5cm}}
\toprule
Element & M.P. ($^\circ$C) & B.P. ($^\circ$C) & Crystal Structure & Application/Source \\
\midrule
Al & 660.3 & 2519 & FCC & Packaging, construction \\
Ga & 29.8 & 2204 & Orthorhombic & Semiconductors, LEDs \\
In & 156.6 & 2072 & Tetragonal & LCD screens, solders \\
Sn & 231.9 & 2602 & Tetragonal & Solder, coatings \\
Tl & 304 & 1473 & HCP & Rat poison (obsolete) \\
Pb & 327.5 & 1749 & FCC & Batteries, radiation shield \\
Bi & 271.4 & 1564 & Rhombohedral & Alloys, cosmetics \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Preparation Methods}

\textbf{Aluminum (Al):} Hall-H\'eroult process (electrolysis of Al$_2$O$_3$ dissolved in molten cryolite): 

\ce{2Al2O3 ->[electrolysis] 4Al + 3O2 ^}

\textbf{Lead (Pb):} Roasting galena (PbS) then reduction: \ce{2PbS + 3O2 -> 2PbO + 2SO2}, then \ce{PbO + C -> Pb + CO}

\textbf{Tin (Sn):} Reduction of cassiterite (SnO$_2$) with carbon: \ce{SnO2 + 2C -> Sn + 2CO ^}

\subsection{Metalloids}

\subsubsection{Elements}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\toprule
Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\
\midrule
5 & B & Boron & Borium & 10.81 \\
14 & Si & Silicon & Silicium & 28.09 \\
32 & Ge & Germanium & Germanium & 72.64 \\
33 & As & Arsenic & Arsenicum & 74.92 \\
51 & Sb & Antimony & Stibium & 121.76 \\
52 & Te & Tellurium & Tellurium & 127.60 \\
84 & Po & Polonium & Polonium & (209) \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Elementary Substances}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\small
\begin{tabular}{p{1.3cm}p{1.6cm}p{1.6cm}p{2.2cm}p{4.5cm}}
\toprule
Element & M.P. ($^\circ$C) & B.P. ($^\circ$C) & Crystal Structure & Application/Source \\
\midrule
B & 2075 & 4000 & Rhombohedral & Glass, detergents \\
Si & 1414 & 3265 & Diamond cubic & Semiconductors, solar cells \\
Ge & 938.3 & 2833 & Diamond cubic & Semiconductors, optics \\
As & 817 & 614 (subl.) & Rhombohedral & Alloys, pesticides \\
Sb & 630.6 & 1587 & Rhombohedral & Flame retardants, alloys \\
Te & 449.5 & 988 & Hexagonal & Alloys, solar cells \\
Po & 254 & 962 & Cubic & Radioactive, no common use \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Preparation Methods}

\textbf{Silicon (Si):} Reduction of silica (SiO$_2$) with carbon in electric furnace: \ce{SiO2 + 2C ->[high T] Si + 2CO ^}

For ultrapure silicon (semiconductors): Trichlorosilane reduction: \ce{SiHCl3 + H2 ->[high T] Si + 3HCl}

\subsection{Halogen}

\subsubsection{Elements}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\toprule
Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\
\midrule
9 & F & Fluorine & Fluorum & 19.00 \\
17 & Cl & Chlorine & Chlorum & 35.45 \\
35 & Br & Bromine & Bromum & 79.90 \\
53 & I & Iodine & Iodum & 126.90 \\
85 & At & Astatine & Astatium & (210) \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Elementary Substances}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\small
\begin{tabular}{p{1.3cm}p{1.6cm}p{1.6cm}p{2.5cm}p{4cm}}
\toprule
Element & M.P. ($^\circ$C) & B.P. ($^\circ$C) & Physical State & Application/Source \\
\midrule
F$_2$ & -219.6 & -188.1 & Pale yellow gas & Toothpaste, Teflon \\
Cl$_2$ & -101.5 & -34.0 & Yellow-green gas & Disinfectant, PVC \\
Br$_2$ & -7.2 & 58.8 & Red-brown liquid & Flame retardants, dyes \\
I$_2$ & 113.7 & 184.3 & Purple-black solid & Disinfectant, photography \\
At$_2$ & 302 & 337 & Solid (radioactive) & No practical use \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Preparation Methods}

\textbf{Chlorine (Cl$_2$):} Electrolysis of brine (chlor-alkali process): \ce{2NaCl + 2H2O ->[electrolysis] Cl2 ^ + H2 ^ + 2NaOH}

Laboratory: Oxidation of HCl: \ce{MnO2 + 4HCl ->[heat] MnCl2 + Cl2 ^ + 2H2O}

\textbf{Bromine (Br$_2$):} Oxidation of bromide in seawater: \ce{2Br- + Cl2 -> Br2 + 2Cl-}

\textbf{Iodine (I$_2$):} Oxidation of iodide from brine or seaweed: \ce{2I- + Cl2 -> I2 + 2Cl-}

Or from Chile saltpeter: \ce{2NaIO3 + 5NaHSO3 -> I2 + 3NaHSO4 + 2Na2SO4 + H2O}

\textbf{Fluorine (F$_2$):} Electrolysis of KF in anhydrous HF: \ce{2HF ->[electrolysis] H2 + F2 ^}

\subsection{Noble gases}

\subsubsection{Elements}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\toprule
Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\
\midrule
2 & He & Helium & Helium & 4.00 \\
10 & Ne & Neon & Neon & 20.18 \\
18 & Ar & Argon & Argon & 39.95 \\
36 & Kr & Krypton & Krypton & 83.80 \\
54 & Xe & Xenon & Xenon & 131.29 \\
86 & Rn & Radon & Radon & (222) \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Elementary Substances}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\small
\begin{tabular}{p{1.3cm}p{1.6cm}p{1.6cm}p{2.5cm}p{4cm}}
\toprule
Element & M.P. ($^\circ$C) & B.P. ($^\circ$C) & Physical State & Application/Source \\
\midrule
He & -272.2 & -268.9 & Colorless gas & Balloons, cryogenics \\
Ne & -248.6 & -246.0 & Colorless gas & Neon signs, lasers \\
Ar & -189.3 & -185.8 & Colorless gas & Welding, light bulbs \\
Kr & -157.4 & -153.2 & Colorless gas & Flash lamps, lasers \\
Xe & -111.8 & -108.1 & Colorless gas & Anesthesia, ion drives \\
Rn & -71 & -61.7 & Colorless gas & Radioactive tracer \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Preparation}

Noble gases are obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air (except He and Rn).

\textbf{Helium (He):} Extracted from natural gas wells.

\textbf{Radon (Rn):} Decay product of radium, collected from uranium/thorium ores.

\subsection{Other Nonmetals}

\subsubsection{Elements}

\begin{table}[H]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{ccccc}
\toprule
Atomic No. & Symbol & English Name & Latin Name & Rel. Atomic Mass \\
\midrule
1 & H & Hydrogen & Hydrogenium & 1.008 \\
6 & C & Carbon & Carboneum & 12.01 \\
7 & N & Nitrogen & Nitrogenium & 14.01 \\
8 & O & Oxygen & Oxygenium & 16.00 \\
15 & P & Phosphorus & Phosphorus & 30.97 \\
16 & S & Sulfur & Sulfur & 32.07 \\
34 & Se & Selenium & Selenium & 78.96 \\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\subsubsection{Elementary Substances}

\begin{longtable}{p{1.3cm}p{1.6cm}p{1.6cm}p{2.3cm}p{4.3cm}}
\toprule
Element & M.P. ($^\circ$C) & B.P. ($^\circ$C) & Form/Structure & Application/Source \\
\midrule
\endfirsthead
\toprule
Element & M.P. ($^\circ$C) & B.P. ($^\circ$C) & Form/Structure & Application/Source \\
\midrule
\endhead
H$_2$ & -259.2 & -252.9 & Colorless gas & Fuel, ammonia synthesis \\
C (graphite) & 3825 & 4827 (subl.) & Hexagonal layers & Pencils, electrodes \\
C (diamond) & 3550 & --- & Cubic crystal & Jewelry, cutting tools \\
C (fullerene) & --- & --- & Molecular cage & Research, electronics \\
N$_2$ & -210.0 & -195.8 & Colorless gas & Fertilizers, inert atm. \\
O$_2$ & -218.8 & -183.0 & Colorless gas & Respiration, combustion \\
O$_3$ (ozone) & -192.5 & -112.0 & Blue gas & Sterilization, UV shield \\
P (white) & 44.2 & 280 & Molecular solid & Incendiaries, match \\
P (red) & 590 & 431 (subl.) & Amorphous & Safety matches \\
P (black) & --- & --- & Layered & Research \\
S (rhombic) & 115.2 & 444.6 & Orthorhombic & Sulfuric acid, vulcanize \\
S (monoclinic) & 119 & 444.6 & Monoclinic & Allotrope of sulfur \\
Se (gray) & 221 & 685 & Hexagonal & Photocells, glass \\
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\subsubsection{Preparation Methods}

\textbf{Hydrogen (H$_2$):} 
\begin{itemize}
\item Steam reforming of methane: \ce{CH4 + H2O <=>[catalyst][high T] CO + 3H2}
\item Electrolysis of water: \ce{2H2O ->[electrolysis] 2H2 ^ + O2 ^}
\item Laboratory: Reaction of metals with acids: \ce{Zn + 2HCl -> ZnCl2 + H2 ^}
\end{itemize}

\textbf{Oxygen (O$_2$):} 
\begin{itemize}
\item Fractional distillation of liquid air
\item Electrolysis of water: \ce{2H2O ->[electrolysis] 2H2 ^ + O2 ^}
\item Laboratory: Decomposition of KMnO$_4$: \ce{2KMnO4 ->[heat] K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 ^}
\item Or: \ce{2KClO3 ->[MnO2, heat] 2KCl + 3O2 ^}
\end{itemize}

\textbf{Nitrogen (N$_2$):} Fractional distillation of liquid air

\textbf{Chlorine (Cl$_2$):} See Halogen section

\textbf{Sulfur (S):} 
\begin{itemize}
\item Frasch process: Melting underground sulfur with superheated water
\item Recovered from petroleum refining and natural gas processing
\end{itemize}

\textbf{Phosphorus (P):} Reduction of phosphate rock with coke and silica: 

\ce{2Ca3(PO4)2 + 6SiO2 + 10C ->[high T] 6CaSiO3 + 10CO ^ + P4 ^}

\section{Acids and bases}

\section{Ions}

\section{Ores and alloys}

\section{Reactions}

\section{Hydrocarbons and their Halogen derivatives}

\section{Alicyclic compounds and aromatic compounds}

\section{Alcohol, phenols, ketones and aldehyde}

\section{Carboxylic acids and esters}

\section{Amines, amides and nitriles}

\section{Thiols and thioethers}

\section{Macromolecule}

\section{Plastics}

\section{Organic compounds in everyday life}

\end{document}