
\section{Ores and alloys}

\subsection{Ores}

\begin{longtable}{p{3cm}p{6cm}p{3.5cm}}
\toprule
English Name & Properties & Formula \\
\midrule
\endfirsthead
\toprule
English Name & Properties & Formula \\
\midrule
\endhead
Hematite & Red-brown iron ore, most important iron ore & \ce{Fe2O3} \\
Magnetite & Black magnetic iron ore, high iron content & \ce{Fe3O4} \\
Limonite & Yellow-brown hydrated iron oxide & \ce{2Fe2O3.3H2O} \\
Siderite & Iron carbonate, light colored & \ce{FeCO3} \\
Pyrite & Brass-yellow, fool's gold, used for sulfuric acid & \ce{FeS2} \\
Chalcopyrite & Brass-yellow copper ore, most abundant copper ore & \ce{CuFeS2} \\
Chalcocite & Dark gray copper sulfide & \ce{Cu2S} \\
Malachite & Green basic copper carbonate & \ce{Cu2CO3(OH)2} \\
Azurite & Blue basic copper carbonate & \ce{Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2} \\
Cuprite & Red copper oxide & \ce{Cu2O} \\
Bauxite & Reddish aluminum ore, clay-like & \ce{Al2O3.nH2O} \\
Cryolite & White, used as flux in aluminum production & \ce{Na3AlF6} \\
Corundum & Very hard aluminum oxide, includes ruby/sapphire & \ce{Al2O3} \\
Galena & Lead-gray, cubic crystals, main lead ore & \ce{PbS} \\
Cerussite & White lead carbonate & \ce{PbCO3} \\
Anglesite & White lead sulfate & \ce{PbSO4} \\
Sphalerite (Zinc blende) & Yellow-brown to black, main zinc ore & \ce{ZnS} \\
Smithsonite & White zinc carbonate & \ce{ZnCO3} \\
Zincite & Red-orange zinc oxide & \ce{ZnO} \\
Cassiterite & Brown-black tin oxide, main tin ore & \ce{SnO2} \\
Cinnabar & Bright red mercury sulfide, main mercury ore & \ce{HgS} \\
Argentite & Dark gray silver sulfide & \ce{Ag2S} \\
Calamine & Zinc silicate ore & \ce{Zn4Si2O7(OH)2.H2O} \\
Chromite & Black chromium iron oxide, main chromium ore & \ce{FeCr2O4} \\
Pyrolusite & Black manganese dioxide ore & \ce{MnO2} \\
Rhodochrosite & Pink manganese carbonate & \ce{MnCO3} \\
Rutile & Red-brown titanium dioxide & \ce{TiO2} \\
Ilmenite & Black iron titanium oxide & \ce{FeTiO3} \\
Barite & White barium sulfate, heavy & \ce{BaSO4} \\
Witherite & White barium carbonate & \ce{BaCO3} \\
Scheelite & White tungsten calcium ore & \ce{CaWO4} \\
Wolframite & Black iron manganese tungsten ore & \ce{(Fe,Mn)WO4} \\
Molybdenite & Gray, soft molybdenum sulfide & \ce{MoS2} \\
Carnallite & White-red potassium magnesium salt & \ce{KCl.MgCl2.6H2O} \\
Sylvite & White-red potassium chloride & \ce{KCl} \\
Halite (Rock salt) & Transparent-white sodium chloride & \ce{NaCl} \\
Fluorite (Fluorspar) & Colorful calcium fluoride & \ce{CaF2} \\
Limestone & White-gray calcium carbonate sedimentary rock & \ce{CaCO3} \\
Dolomite & White-pink calcium magnesium carbonate & \ce{CaMg(CO3)2} \\
Gypsum & White calcium sulfate dihydrate & \ce{CaSO4.2H2O} \\
Anhydrite & White calcium sulfate & \ce{CaSO4} \\
Apatite & Green-blue calcium phosphate & \ce{Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH)} \\
Phosphorite & Gray-brown calcium phosphate rock & \ce{Ca3(PO4)2} \\
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\subsection{Alloys}

\begin{longtable}{p{2.5cm}p{3.5cm}p{4.5cm}p{3cm}}
\toprule
English Name & Elements & Properties & Application \\
\midrule
\endfirsthead
\toprule
English Name & Elements & Properties & Application \\
\midrule
\endhead
Steel & Fe, C (< 2\%) & Strong, hard, malleable & Construction, tools \\
Stainless steel & Fe, Cr (10-20\%), Ni & Corrosion-resistant, strong & Cutlery, medical \\
Cast iron & Fe, C (2-4\%) & Brittle, hard, good casting & Engine blocks, pipes \\
Brass & Cu (55-95\%), Zn & Golden, corrosion-resistant & Musical instruments, fittings \\
Bronze & Cu (88\%), Sn (12\%) & Hard, corrosion-resistant & Sculptures, bearings \\
Aluminum bronze & Cu, Al (5-11\%) & Strong, corrosion-resistant & Marine hardware, coins \\
Cupronickel & Cu (75\%), Ni (25\%) & Silver-colored, corrosion-resistant & Coins, marine uses \\
German silver & Cu, Ni, Zn & Silver-white, no silver & Cutlery, jewelry base \\
Phosphor bronze & Cu, Sn, P & Elastic, wear-resistant & Springs, electrical \\
Gunmetal & Cu, Sn (10\%), Zn (2\%) & Corrosion-resistant, tough & Gears, bearings \\
Duralumin & Al (94\%), Cu (4\%), Mg & Light, strong, age-hardenable & Aircraft, aerospace \\
Magnalium & Al (70-95\%), Mg & Very light, strong & Aircraft parts \\
Alnico & Al, Ni, Co, Fe & Strong magnetic & Permanent magnets \\
Solder & Sn (60\%), Pb (40\%) & Low melting point & Electrical joints \\
Lead-free solder & Sn, Cu, Ag & Low melting, no lead toxicity & Electronics \\
Pewter & Sn (85-99\%), Sb, Cu & Soft, silvery, malleable & Decorative items \\
Babbitt metal & Sn, Sb, Cu & Low friction, soft & Bearing surfaces \\
Type metal & Pb, Sn, Sb & Expands on cooling & Printing type \\
Wood's metal & Bi, Pb, Sn, Cd & Very low melting (70$^\circ$C) & Fire sprinklers, fuses \\
Rose's metal & Bi, Pb, Sn & Low melting (98$^\circ$C) & Fusible alloys \\
Nichrome & Ni (80\%), Cr (20\%) & High electrical resistance, heat-resistant & Heating elements \\
Monel metal & Ni (67\%), Cu (30\%) & Corrosion-resistant, strong & Marine, chemical \\
Invar & Fe (64\%), Ni (36\%) & Very low thermal expansion & Precision instruments \\
Permalloy & Fe (20\%), Ni (80\%) & High magnetic permeability & Transformers, sensors \\
Constantan & Cu (55\%), Ni (45\%) & Constant electrical resistance & Thermocouples \\
Manganin & Cu (86\%), Mn (12\%), Ni & Stable resistance vs. temperature & Precision resistors \\
Stellite & Co, Cr, W, C & Very hard, wear-resistant & Cutting tools \\
Hastelloy & Ni, Mo, Cr, Fe & Excellent corrosion resistance & Chemical equipment \\
Titanium alloy & Ti (90\%), Al (6\%), V (4\%) & High strength-to-weight ratio & Aerospace, implants \\
Amalgam & Hg, Ag, Sn, Cu & Soft, hardens over time & Dental fillings \\
Elektron & Mg (90\%), Al, Zn & Extremely light & Aircraft parts \\
Beryllium copper & Cu (98\%), Be (2\%) & Non-sparking, elastic & Explosion-proof tools \\
White gold & Au, Ni/Pd, Zn & White-silver appearance & Jewelry \\
Rose gold & Au (75\%), Cu (22.5\%), Ag & Pink-red color & Jewelry \\
Sterling silver & Ag (92.5\%), Cu (7.5\%) & Harder than pure silver & Jewelry, tableware \\
Britannia silver & Ag (95.8\%), Cu & Softer, higher silver content & High-end silverware \\
Nitinol & Ni (55\%), Ti (45\%) & Shape memory effect & Medical devices, actuators \\
Zamak & Zn, Al, Mg, Cu & Good castability, moderate strength & Die castings \\
Babbitt & Sn, Sb, Cu (or Pb base) & Low friction, good embeddability & Bearings \\
Bell metal & Cu (78\%), Sn (22\%) & Resonant, hard & Bells, cymbals \\
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}
