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272
main.tex
272
main.tex
@@ -1512,14 +1512,286 @@ Bell metal & Cu (78\%), Sn (22\%) & Resonant, hard & Bells, cymbals \\
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\textbf{Iodoform test:} Specific for compounds with \ce{CH3CO-} or \ce{CH3CH(OH)-} structure.
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\section{Chemical nomenclature: Prefixes and suffixes}
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\subsection{Numerical prefixes}
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\begin{table}[H]
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\centering
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\begin{tabular}{lll}
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\toprule
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Prefix & Number & Example \\
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\midrule
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mono- & 1 & Monoxide, monohydrate \\
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di- & 2 & Dioxide, dichloride \\
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tri- & 3 & Trichloride, trioxide \\
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tetra- & 4 & Tetrachloride, tetrahedral \\
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penta- & 5 & Pentoxide, pentane \\
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hexa- & 6 & Hexane, hexafluoride \\
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hepta- & 7 & Heptane, heptoxide \\
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octa- & 8 & Octane, octahedron \\
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nona- & 9 & Nonane, nonoxide \\
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deca- & 10 & Decane, decahydrate \\
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undeca- & 11 & Undecane \\
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dodeca- & 12 & Dodecane, dodecahedron \\
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\bottomrule
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\end{tabular}
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\end{table}
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\subsection{Hydrocarbon chain prefixes}
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\begin{table}[H]
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\centering
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\begin{tabular}{llll}
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\toprule
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Prefix & \# Carbons & Root Word & Example \\
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\midrule
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meth- & 1 & Methane & Methanol, methyl \\
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eth- & 2 & Ethane & Ethanol, ethyl \\
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prop- & 3 & Propane & Propanol, propyl \\
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but- & 4 & Butane & Butanol, butyl \\
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pent- & 5 & Pentane & Pentanol, pentyl \\
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hex- & 6 & Hexane & Hexanol, hexyl \\
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hept- & 7 & Heptane & Heptanol, heptyl \\
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oct- & 8 & Octane & Octanol, octyl \\
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non- & 9 & Nonane & Nonanol, nonyl \\
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dec- & 10 & Decane & Decanol, decyl \\
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\bottomrule
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\end{tabular}
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\end{table}
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\subsection{Structural and positional prefixes}
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\begin{longtable}{p{2.5cm}p{5cm}p{5.5cm}}
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\toprule
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Prefix & Meaning & Example \\
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\midrule
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\endfirsthead
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\toprule
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Prefix & Meaning & Example \\
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\midrule
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\endhead
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iso- & Branched (methyl on penultimate carbon) & Isopropanol, isobutane \\
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neo- & New, highly branched & Neopentane \\
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sec- & Secondary (2$^\circ$, attached to 2 carbons) & sec-Butanol \\
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tert- & Tertiary (3$^\circ$, attached to 3 carbons) & tert-Butanol \\
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cyclo- & Cyclic/ring structure & Cyclohexane, cyclopropane \\
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ortho- (o-) & Adjacent positions on benzene (1,2) & o-Xylene, o-cresol \\
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meta- (m-) & Separated by one carbon on benzene (1,3) & m-Xylene \\
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para- (p-) & Opposite positions on benzene (1,4) & p-Xylene, p-cresol \\
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cis- & Same side (geometric isomer) & cis-2-Butene \\
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trans- & Opposite sides (geometric isomer) & trans-2-Butene \\
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\bottomrule
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\end{longtable}
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\subsection{Halogen prefixes}
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\begin{table}[H]
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\centering
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\begin{tabular}{lll}
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\toprule
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Prefix & Halogen & Example \\
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\midrule
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fluoro- & Fluorine (F) & Fluoromethane, fluorobenzene \\
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chloro- & Chlorine (Cl) & Chloroform, chlorobenzene \\
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bromo- & Bromine (Br) & Bromoethane, bromobenzene \\
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iodo- & Iodine (I) & Iodoform, iodobenzene \\
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\bottomrule
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\end{tabular}
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\end{table}
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\subsection{Other common prefixes}
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\begin{longtable}{p{2.5cm}p{5cm}p{5.5cm}}
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\toprule
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Prefix & Meaning & Example \\
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\midrule
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\endfirsthead
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\toprule
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Prefix & Meaning & Example \\
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\midrule
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\endhead
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per- & Maximum/complete & Perchloric acid, peroxide \\
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hypo- & Less than normal oxidation state & Hypochlorous acid \\
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thio- & Sulfur replacing oxygen & Thiosulfate, thiol \\
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oxy- & Oxygen in compound & Oxytocin \\
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nitro- & \ce{-NO2} group & Nitrobenzene, nitroglycerin \\
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nitroso- & \ce{-NO} group & Nitrosobenzene \\
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amino- & \ce{-NH2} group & Aminobenzoic acid \\
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hydroxy- & \ce{-OH} group & Hydroxybenzoic acid \\
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oxo- & \ce{=O} group (ketone/aldehyde) & Oxoacid \\
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carb- & Carbon & Carbide, carbon \\
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cyan- & \ce{-CN} group & Cyanide, cyanohydrin \\
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acet- & Related to acetic acid/acetyl & Acetate, acetone, acetyl \\
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form- & Related to formic acid/formyl & Formate, formaldehyde \\
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benz- & Related to benzene & Benzyl, benzoyl, benzoic \\
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phenyl- & \ce{C6H5-} group & Phenylamine (aniline) \\
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vinyl- & \ce{CH2=CH-} group & Vinyl chloride \\
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allyl- & \ce{CH2=CH-CH2-} group & Allyl alcohol \\
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\bottomrule
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\end{longtable}
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\subsection{Functional group suffixes}
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\begin{longtable}{p{2.5cm}p{4cm}p{6.5cm}}
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\toprule
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Suffix & Functional Group & Example \\
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\midrule
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\endfirsthead
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\toprule
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Suffix & Functional Group & Example \\
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\midrule
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\endhead
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-ane & Alkane (single bonds) & Methane, ethane, propane \\
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-ene & Alkene (double bond) & Ethene (ethylene), propene \\
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-yne & Alkyne (triple bond) & Ethyne (acetylene), propyne \\
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-yl & Alkyl group (substituent) & Methyl, ethyl, propyl \\
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-ol & Alcohol (\ce{-OH}) & Methanol, ethanol, phenol \\
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-al & Aldehyde (\ce{-CHO}) & Methanal (formaldehyde), ethanal \\
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-one & Ketone (\ce{C=O}) & Acetone (propanone), butanone \\
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-oic acid & Carboxylic acid (\ce{-COOH}) & Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) \\
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-oate & Ester (\ce{-COO-}) & Ethyl acetate (ethyl ethanoate) \\
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-amide & Amide (\ce{-CONH2}) & Acetamide, formamide \\
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-amine & Amine (\ce{-NH2}) & Methylamine, ethylamine \\
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-nitrile & Nitrile (\ce{-CN}) & Acetonitrile, propionitrile \\
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-ether & Ether (\ce{-O-}) & Diethyl ether \\
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-thiol & Thiol (\ce{-SH}) & Ethanethiol, methanethiol \\
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-ate & Salt of acid & Sulfate, nitrate, acetate \\
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-ite & Salt of -ous acid & Sulfite, nitrite \\
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-ide & Binary compound/ion & Chloride, oxide, sulfide \\
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\bottomrule
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\end{longtable}
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\subsection{Acid nomenclature patterns}
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\begin{table}[H]
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\centering
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\begin{tabular}{llll}
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\toprule
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Oxidation State & Acid Name & Salt Name & Example \\
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\midrule
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Highest & per-...-ic acid & per-...-ate & Perchloric acid/perchlorate \\
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High & -ic acid & -ate & Sulfuric acid/sulfate \\
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Low & -ous acid & -ite & Sulfurous acid/sulfite \\
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Lowest & hypo-...-ous acid & hypo-...-ite & Hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite \\
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\bottomrule
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\end{tabular}
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\end{table}
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\textbf{Examples:}
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\begin{itemize}
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\item \ce{HClO4} - Perchloric acid $\rightarrow$ Perchlorate (\ce{ClO4-})
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\item \ce{HClO3} - Chloric acid $\rightarrow$ Chlorate (\ce{ClO3-})
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\item \ce{HClO2} - Chlorous acid $\rightarrow$ Chlorite (\ce{ClO2-})
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\item \ce{HClO} - Hypochlorous acid $\rightarrow$ Hypochlorite (\ce{ClO-})
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\end{itemize}
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\section{Name of organic compounds}
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\subsection{Hydrocarbons and their Halogen derivatives}
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\begin{longtable}{p{3.5cm}p{3cm}p{7cm}}
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\toprule
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Common Name & Formula & Description/Use \\
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\midrule
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\endfirsthead
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\toprule
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Common Name & Formula & Description/Use \\
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\midrule
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\endhead
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Methane & \ce{CH4} & Natural gas, simplest alkane \\
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Ethane & \ce{C2H6} & Component of natural gas \\
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Propane & \ce{C3H8} & LPG fuel, refrigerant \\
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Butane & \ce{C4H10} & Lighter fuel, aerosol propellant \\
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Isobutane & \ce{(CH3)3CH} & Branched isomer of butane, refrigerant \\
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Pentane & \ce{C5H12} & Laboratory solvent \\
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Hexane & \ce{C6H14} & Extraction solvent \\
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Octane & \ce{C8H18} & Gasoline component \\
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Paraffin & \ce{C_{n}H_{2n+2}} & Wax, candles (long chain alkanes) \\
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Ethylene & \ce{C2H4} & Fruit ripening agent, plastic production \\
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Propylene & \ce{C3H6} & Polypropylene production \\
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Acetylene & \ce{C2H2} & Welding gas, illumination \\
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Isoprene & \ce{C5H8} & Natural rubber monomer \\
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Methyl chloride & \ce{CH3Cl} & Refrigerant, methylating agent \\
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Chloroform & \ce{CHCl3} & Solvent, formerly anesthetic \\
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Carbon tetrachloride & \ce{CCl4} & Solvent, fire extinguisher (obsolete) \\
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Freon-12 & \ce{CCl2F2} & Refrigerant (CFC, now banned) \\
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Teflon monomer & \ce{CF2=CF2} & Tetrafluoroethylene, non-stick coating \\
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DDT & \ce{(ClC6H4)2CHCCl3} & Insecticide (banned in many countries) \\
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Vinyl chloride & \ce{CH2=CHCl} & PVC plastic monomer \\
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Methylene chloride & \ce{CH2Cl2} & Paint stripper, degreaser \\
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Bromoform & \ce{CHBr3} & Laboratory reagent, formerly sedative \\
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Iodoform & \ce{CHI3} & Antiseptic (yellow crystalline) \\
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Ethyl bromide & \ce{C2H5Br} & Local anesthetic, refrigerant \\
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Methyl iodide & \ce{CH3I} & Methylating agent in synthesis \\
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\bottomrule
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\end{longtable}
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\subsection{Alicyclic compounds and aromatic compounds}
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\begin{longtable}{p{3.5cm}p{3cm}p{7cm}}
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\toprule
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Common Name & Formula & Description/Use \\
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\midrule
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\endfirsthead
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\toprule
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Common Name & Formula & Description/Use \\
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\midrule
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\endhead
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Cyclopropane & \ce{C3H6} & Anesthetic (cyclic alkane) \\
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Cyclohexane & \ce{C6H12} & Solvent, nylon precursor \\
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Benzene & \ce{C6H6} & Aromatic solvent, carcinogenic \\
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Toluene & \ce{C6H5CH3} & Solvent, paint thinner, TNT precursor \\
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Xylene & \ce{C6H4(CH3)2} & Solvent, histology (three isomers) \\
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Styrene & \ce{C6H5CH=CH2} & Polystyrene monomer, plastic foam \\
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Cumene & \ce{C6H5CH(CH3)2} & Phenol production, isopropylbenzene \\
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Naphthalene & \ce{C10H8} & Mothballs, formerly used in lighting \\
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Anthracene & \ce{C14H10} & Dye production, organic semiconductor \\
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Phenanthrene & \ce{C14H10} & PAH compound, synthesis precursor \\
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Biphenyl & \ce{C6H5-C6H5} & Heat transfer fluid, citrus preservative \\
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TNT & \ce{C6H2(NO2)3CH3} & Explosive (trinitrotoluene) \\
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Picric acid & \ce{C6H2(NO2)3OH} & Explosive, yellow dye \\
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Aniline & \ce{C6H5NH2} & Dye production, rubber processing \\
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Nitrobenzene & \ce{C6H5NO2} & Aniline precursor, shoe polish odor \\
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Benzyl chloride & \ce{C6H5CH2Cl} & Synthesis intermediate, lachrymator \\
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Chlorobenzene & \ce{C6H5Cl} & Solvent, DDT production \\
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\bottomrule
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\end{longtable}
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\subsection{Alcohol, phenols, ketones and aldehyde}
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\begin{longtable}{p{3.5cm}p{3.5cm}p{6.5cm}}
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\toprule
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Common Name & Formula/Structure & Description/Use \\
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\midrule
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\endfirsthead
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\toprule
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Common Name & Formula/Structure & Description/Use \\
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\midrule
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\endhead
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Methanol & \ce{CH3OH} & Wood alcohol, fuel, toxic \\
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Ethanol & \ce{C2H5OH} & Drinking alcohol, solvent, fuel \\
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Isopropanol & \ce{(CH3)2CHOH} & Rubbing alcohol, disinfectant \\
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Butanol & \ce{C4H9OH} & Solvent, plasticizer \\
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Ethylene glycol & \ce{HOCH2CH2OH} & Antifreeze, polyester precursor \\
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Glycerol (Glycerin) & \ce{HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OH} & Soap making, sweetener, explosives \\
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Phenol & \ce{C6H5OH} & Disinfectant, plastic precursor, caustic \\
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Cresol & \ce{CH3C6H4OH} & Disinfectant, wood preservative \\
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Resorcinol & \ce{C6H4(OH)2} & Adhesives, dyes, antiseptic \\
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Hydroquinone & \ce{C6H4(OH)2} & Photo developer, skin lightener \\
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Catechol & \ce{C6H4(OH)2} & Antioxidant, photo developer \\
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Formaldehyde & \ce{HCHO} & Preservative, disinfectant, resin \\
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Acetaldehyde & \ce{CH3CHO} & Acetic acid precursor, flavor \\
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Benzaldehyde & \ce{C6H5CHO} & Almond odor, flavoring \\
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Acetone & \ce{CH3COCH3} & Nail polish remover, solvent \\
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Methyl ethyl ketone & \ce{CH3COC2H5} & Paint remover, MEK solvent \\
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Camphor & \ce{C10H16O} & Medicinal, moth repellent, plasticizer \\
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Vanillin & \ce{C8H8O3} & Vanilla flavoring from vanilla beans \\
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Cinnamaldehyde & \ce{C6H5CH=CHCHO} & Cinnamon flavor and odor \\
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Menthol & \ce{C10H20O} & Cooling sensation, mint flavor \\
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\bottomrule
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\end{longtable}
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\subsection{Carboxylic acids and esters}
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\subsection{Amines, amides and nitriles}
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